Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Ligand Binding and Linkage00:49

Ligand Binding and Linkage

4.4K
Allosteric proteins have more than one ligand binding site; the binding of a ligand to any of these sites influences the binding of ligands to the other sites. When a protein is allosteric, its binding sites are called coupled or linked.  In the case of enzymes, the site that binds to the substrate is known as the active site and the other site is known as the regulatory site. When a ligand binds to the regulatory site, this leads to conformational changes in the protein that can influence...
4.4K
LTR Retrotransposons03:08

LTR Retrotransposons

18.1K
LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
The internal coding region of LTR retrotransposons and their mechanism of transposition closely resembles a...
18.1K
Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

12.4K
As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
12.4K
Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation02:53

Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation

5.7K
Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
The recognition sites for Cre recombinase called LoxP...
5.7K
GPCR Desensitization01:12

GPCR Desensitization

6.1K
G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling plays a crucial role in cell functioning. GPCR desensitization is an equally essential process. It allows cells to respond to changing environments and regain sensitivity to new stimuli while preventing unnecessary stimulation when no longer needed. Prolonged exposure to stimuli leads to GPCR desensitization. It involves blocking the receptors from binding and activating additional G proteins. This inhibits activation of downstream effectors, thereby...
6.1K
Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors01:27

Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors

4.4K
Enzyme-linked receptors are cell-surface receptors acting as an enzyme or associating with an enzyme intracellularly. They make excellent drug targets. Drugs can bind to the extracellular ligand-binding domain or directly affect their enzymatic domain and alter their activity.
Major types that are helpful drug targets include:
4.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Structural mechanisms for the recruitment of factor H by Streptococcus pyogenes.

Structure (London, England : 1993)·2026
Same author

The oncogenic CCDC6-RET fusion protein is a dual ATP- and ADP-dependent kinase.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Structural insights into SHIP2 reveal its membrane regulatory mechanisms.

Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society·2026
Same author

Targeted protein evolution in the gut microbiome by diversity-generating retroelements.

Science (New York, N.Y.)·2025
Same author

Structural mechanisms for the recruitment of factor H by <i>Streptococcus pyogenes</i>.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025
Same author

Curvature Generation and Engineering Principles from <i>Shewanella oneidensis</i> Multi-flagellin Flagellum.

ACS nano·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 3, 2026

Retroviral Scanning: Mapping MLV Integration Sites to Define Cell-specific Regulatory Regions
10:10

Retroviral Scanning: Mapping MLV Integration Sites to Define Cell-specific Regulatory Regions

Published on: May 28, 2017

7.7K

Selective ligand recognition by a diversity-generating retroelement variable protein.

Jason L Miller1, Johanne Le Coq, Asher Hodes

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America.

Plos Biology
|June 6, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Diversity-generating retroelements (DGRs) use protein variation to find new targets, similar to the immune system. Their variable protein Mtd uses avidity to achieve selective recognition of ligands like pertactin.

More Related Videos

In Vitro Directed Evolution of a Restriction Endonuclease with More Stringent Specificity
09:16

In Vitro Directed Evolution of a Restriction Endonuclease with More Stringent Specificity

Published on: March 25, 2020

7.7K
Efficient Retroviral Transduction and Competitive Homing for Investigating GPCR-Mediated T-Cell Localization in Diverse Tissue Microenvironments
09:12

Efficient Retroviral Transduction and Competitive Homing for Investigating GPCR-Mediated T-Cell Localization in Diverse Tissue Microenvironments

Published on: March 28, 2025

747

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 3, 2026

Retroviral Scanning: Mapping MLV Integration Sites to Define Cell-specific Regulatory Regions
10:10

Retroviral Scanning: Mapping MLV Integration Sites to Define Cell-specific Regulatory Regions

Published on: May 28, 2017

7.7K
In Vitro Directed Evolution of a Restriction Endonuclease with More Stringent Specificity
09:16

In Vitro Directed Evolution of a Restriction Endonuclease with More Stringent Specificity

Published on: March 25, 2020

7.7K
Efficient Retroviral Transduction and Competitive Homing for Investigating GPCR-Mediated T-Cell Localization in Diverse Tissue Microenvironments
09:12

Efficient Retroviral Transduction and Competitive Homing for Investigating GPCR-Mediated T-Cell Localization in Diverse Tissue Microenvironments

Published on: March 28, 2025

747

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Immunology
  • Structural Biology

Background:

  • Diversity-generating retroelements (DGRs) generate protein diversity for novel ligand recognition.
  • This mechanism is analogous to the adaptive immune response.
  • The structural basis for DGR ligand recognition remains largely unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the structural mechanisms by which DGR variable proteins achieve selective ligand recognition.
  • To compare the recognition principles between DGRs and immune receptors.

Main Methods:

  • X-ray crystallography to determine the structure of the Bordetella bacteriophage DGR variable protein (Mtd) bound to its receptor (pertactin).
  • Structural analysis to compare binding modes and principles with immunoreceptors.

Main Results:

  • The structure reveals adaptability in the static binding sites of Mtd.
  • Selective recognition principles, particularly the role of avidity (multivalency), are conserved between Mtd and immunoreceptors.
  • Avidity amplifies binding strength and enhances selectivity by relaxing complementarity demands.

Conclusions:

  • Bordetella bacteriophage DGR employs a recognition strategy balancing complementarity and avidity, similar to the immune system.
  • This balance suggests conserved evolutionary principles for variable recognition systems operating under specific conditions.