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Teeth

Teeth

The formation of teeth, also known as odontogenesis, is a complex process that begins in utero, around the sixth week of embryonic development. There are three stages to this process: the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage.
In the bud stage, the tooth germ (an aggregation of cells) starts to form in the developing jawbone. During the cap stage, the tooth germ differentiates into enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac, which will later develop into the tooth's enamel, dentin and...

Tooth Anatomy

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The human tooth enables us to eat a variety of foods, speak clearly, and even aid in shaping our faces. Teeth are composed of various elements that work together. Here's a detailed look at the anatomy of a human tooth.
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The visible part of the tooth is referred to as the crown. It's covered by enamel, the hardest substance in the human body. The crown is uniquely shaped for each type of tooth, allowing for different functions such as cutting, tearing, or grinding food.

Assessment of the Mouth

Assessment of the Mouth

A thorough mouth assessment, including inspection and palpation of the lips, gums, tongue, tonsils, uvula, and pharynx, is crucial in detecting potential health issues. Diseases ranging from oral cancer to systemic conditions like diabetes could be identified early through careful oral examination. This article provides a detailed guide on conducting a comprehensive mouth assessment.
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A thorough assessment of respiratory health is paramount in clinical settings to identify and manage respiratory distress and ensure adequate oxygenation. This article elaborates on the critical aspects of respiratory evaluation, including airway assessment, skin color examination, and the observation of accessory muscle use, which are integral to effectively diagnosing and managing patients with respiratory conditions.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Impact of Common Fruit Juices and Toothbrushing on the Discoloration of Primary Teeth

Impact of Common Fruit Juices and Toothbrushing on the Discoloration of Primary Teeth

Published on: March 27, 2026

Development of a model shade guide for primary teeth.

R D Paravina¹, G Majkic, J R Stalker

¹Department of Restorative Dentistry and Biomaterials, University of Texas Dental Branch at Houston, Texas, USA. Rade.Paravina@uth.tmc.edu

European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry : Official Journal of the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry

|June 7, 2008

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A new shade guide model for primary teeth was developed, significantly reducing color errors compared to existing guides. This innovation improves shade matching accuracy for pediatric dental restorations.

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Last Updated: Jul 4, 2026

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Published on: October 27, 2023

Area of Science:

Dental Materials Science
Colorimetry
Pediatric Dentistry

Background:

Existing shade guides for permanent teeth are inadequate for primary teeth due to significant color differences.
Accurate shade selection is crucial for aesthetic dental restorations in children.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and evaluate a novel shade guide model specifically designed for primary teeth.
To minimize color discrepancies between primary teeth and shade guide tabs.

Main Methods:

Utilized an intraoral spectrophotometer to measure the color of 612 primary teeth from 102 patients.
Designed model shade guides (1-16 tabs) using CIELAB (DeltaE*) and CIEDE2000 (DeltaE') color difference formulas with nonlinear optimization.
Calculated coverage error (DeltaECOV) as the mean minimal color difference between primary teeth and the closest shade tab.

Main Results:

The Vitapan Classical shade guide showed a coverage error of 4.2 (SD +/- 1.8) for primary teeth.
Model shade guides with 16 tabs achieved significantly lower coverage errors: 1.8 (DeltaE*COV) and 1.3 (DeltaE'COV).
A two-tab model shade guide demonstrated superior performance over the Vitapan Classical guide in CIELAB coverage error.

Conclusions:

The developed model shade guide, optimized via constrained nonlinear optimization, offers significantly reduced coverage error compared to the Vitapan Classical shade guide.
This new shade guide model provides a more accurate tool for shade selection in primary teeth.
The findings support the clinical utility of a tailored shade guide for pediatric dental applications.