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Related Concept Videos

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder01:30

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
Diagnostic Criteria and Symptoms
To diagnose ADHD, symptoms must manifest before age 12 and be evident across multiple settings.
Stimulants01:29

Stimulants

Stimulants are substances that enhance neural activity and elevate dopamine levels in the brain, leading to their highly addictive nature. These drugs include cocaine, amphetamines, MDMA, caffeine, and nicotine, each with distinct mechanisms of action and varied health implications.
Cocaine can be administered via snorting, injection, or smoking. It primarily functions by blocking the reuptake of dopamine, resulting in a euphoric high characterized by an intense sensation of happiness and...
Stress Prevention and Stress Management Techniques IV01:26

Stress Prevention and Stress Management Techniques IV

Stress often leads to unhealthy habits like smoking, excessive drinking, and overeating, which offer short-term relief but ultimately increase long-term health risks. These behaviors create a cycle that temporarily lowers stress levels but can result in severe long-term health consequences. Breaking these habits is essential to reduce the risk of chronic diseases and improve overall well-being. Three primary changes that support better health include quitting smoking, reducing alcohol intake,...
Drugs Acting on Autonomic Ganglia: Stimulants01:23

Drugs Acting on Autonomic Ganglia: Stimulants


Ganglionic stimulants activate NM nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia, falling into two categories: nicotine mimetics [e.g., lobeline, dimethylpiperazine, tetramethylammonium] and muscarinic receptor agonists [e.g., muscarine, methacholine]. The first category's action is rapid and blocked by nicotinic receptor antagonists, while the second category's action is delayed and blocked by atropine-like agents. Nicotine, an alkaloid, affects the heart rate by stimulating sympathetic or...
CNS Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamines and Cannabinoids01:24

CNS Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamines and Cannabinoids

CNS stimulants, such as cocaine, amphetamines, and cannabinoids, have varying structures and mechanisms of action that lead to different therapeutic effects and side effects. Cocaine, with its molecular formula C17H21NO4, is a tropane alkaloid and a tertiary amino compound. It has two chemical forms: the hydrochloride salt and the "freebase." The former is in powder form, while the latter involves removing the hydrochloride salt to create a form that can be smoked. Cocaine exerts its effects by...
CNS Depressants: Alcohol and Nicotine01:27

CNS Depressants: Alcohol and Nicotine

Ethanol, a clear colorless alcohol, has been consumed by humans for millennia, but its effects on the body are far from benign. At lower doses, it induces decreased inhibitions and loquaciousness, leading to its social appeal. However, it can cause severe consequences at higher doses, such as coma and respiratory depression, due to its zero-order elimination kinetics. Chronic ethanol abuse wreaks havoc on multiple organ systems, particularly the CNS and the liver. Abrupt cessation of ethanol...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Using Brain Activation (nir-HEG/Q-EEG) and Execution Measures (CPTs) in a ADHD Assessment Protocol
13:09

Using Brain Activation (nir-HEG/Q-EEG) and Execution Measures (CPTs) in a ADHD Assessment Protocol

Published on: April 1, 2018

Cigarette smoking associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Timothy E Wilens1, Michael Vitulano, Himanshu Upadhyaya

  • 1Pediatric Psychopharmacology Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.

The Journal of Pediatrics
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PubMed
Summary

Individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) show greater physical nicotine dependence. Environmental factors also heighten smoking risk in those with ADHD.

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Event Related Potentials (ERPs) and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
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The 5-Choice Serial Reaction Time Task: A Task of Attention and Impulse Control for Rodents
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Using Brain Activation (nir-HEG/Q-EEG) and Execution Measures (CPTs) in a ADHD Assessment Protocol
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Event Related Potentials (ERPs) and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
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Area of Science:

  • Neurodevelopmental Disorders
  • Addiction Psychiatry

Background:

  • Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity.
  • Nicotine dependence is a significant public health concern, particularly among adolescents and young adults.
  • Previous research suggests a potential link between ADHD and increased risk for substance use, including nicotine dependence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and the severity of physical dependence on nicotine.
  • To explore the role of environmental factors in smoking risk among individuals with ADHD.

Main Methods:

  • A controlled longitudinal family study design was employed.
  • Self-report data on nicotine dependence were collected using the modified Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire (mFTQ).
  • Participants included 80 ADHD probands and 86 control probands, with a mean age of 19.2 years.

Main Results:

  • Smokers with ADHD exhibited significantly higher mFTQ scores, indicating more severe physical dependence on nicotine compared to controls.
  • A positive linear relationship was observed between mFTQ scores and both inattentive and hyperactive ADHD symptoms in current smokers.
  • Environmental factors, including parental smoking, peer smoking, and cohabitation with a smoker, increased smoking risk in individuals with ADHD.

Conclusions:

  • Both male and female smokers with ADHD demonstrate greater physical dependence on nicotine than their non-ADHD counterparts.
  • Environmental influences significantly contribute to the elevated risk of smoking associated with ADHD.
  • Findings highlight the need for targeted interventions addressing nicotine dependence in individuals with ADHD, considering both clinical and environmental factors.