Urodynamics in the investigation of women with frequency, urgency, and incontinence, and voiding difficulties

Women with voiding problems first require a full clinical history and examination to exclude nonvesical causes for their symptoms. Those with simple stress leakage do not normally require further study, but women with frequency, urgency, or nocturia with or without incontinence require proper investigation either by cystometrogram or video urodynamics. So too do women with hesitancy or difficulty in voiding. The technique of video urodynamics is outlined and the findings in different conditions leading to voiding problems is discussed, in particular the findings in the unstable bladder, the sensitive bladder, stress incontinence, poor bladder compliance, bladder outlet obstruction, and neuropathy.