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Related Concept Videos

Adrenergic Receptors: ɑ Subtype01:31

Adrenergic Receptors: ɑ Subtype

Adrenoceptors are classified into α and ꞵ classes based on their potencies to catecholamine agonists. α-adrenoceptors show the following order of catecholamine potency:
Adrenaline ≥ Noradrenaline >> Isoprenaline
α-adrenoceptors are further divided into α1 and α2-adrenoceptors.
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Smooth Muscle Contraction01:25

Smooth Muscle Contraction

Smooth muscle contraction is a complex process vital for various bodily functions, from maintaining blood vessel tension to facilitating the movement of food through the digestive tract. Unlike striated muscles, smooth muscle contraction begins more slowly and lasts longer.
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Cholinergic Receptors: Muscarinic01:25

Cholinergic Receptors: Muscarinic

The pharmacological actions of acetylcholine are elicited via its binding to two families of cholinergic receptors or cholinoceptors, namely, muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. Muscarinic receptors are G protein-coupled receptors and have five subtypes, M1–M5. All mAChR subtypes are activated by acetylcholine and blocked by the antagonist, atropine. 
The subtypes M1, M3, and M5 couple with the Gq subunit and activate the phospholipase C (PLC) activity, mobilizing intracellular Ca2+. Activation...
Adrenergic Receptors: β Subtype01:26

Adrenergic Receptors: β Subtype

β-adrenoceptors have varied sensitivities towards adrenaline, noradrenaline, and isoprenaline. The order of agonist potency is as follows:
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Structure and Organization of Smooth Muscles01:13

Structure and Organization of Smooth Muscles

Smooth muscle tissue is a type of muscle tissue that can be found lining various vital organs in the human body, including the lungs, blood vessels, digestive tract, and respiratory tract. This type of tissue is responsible for regulating the movements of these organs, playing crucial roles in the functioning of various systems, including the vascular, digestive, respiratory, and urinary systems.
Structure of smooth muscle cell
Smooth muscle cells are spindle-shaped with tapering ends and a...
Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers01:15

Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers

Many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic; they do not cross the cell membrane but bind to cell-surface receptors. Thus, their message must be relayed by second messengers present in the cell cytoplasm. There are several second messenger pathways, each with its own way of relaying information. For example, the G protein-coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol pathway is active when the receptor induces...

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A Pipeline to Investigate the Structures and Signaling Pathways of Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptors
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Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor subtypes differentially regulate smooth muscle cell phenotype.

Brian R Wamhoff1, Kevin R Lynch, Timothy L Macdonald

  • 1Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22901, USA. Wamhoff@virginia.edu

Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology
|June 7, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptors play distinct roles in vascular injury. S1P1/S1P3 receptors promote smooth muscle cell proliferation, while S1P2 receptors inhibit it, impacting vascular repair.

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09:06

Quantitative Analysis of Cellular Composition in Advanced Atherosclerotic Lesions of Smooth Muscle Cell Lineage-Tracing Mice

Published on: February 20, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Biology
  • Molecular Medicine
  • Vascular Biology

Background:

  • The precise function of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptors in acute vascular injury and smooth muscle cell (SMC) phenotypic modulation remains incompletely understood.
  • SMC phenotypic modulation is a critical process in vascular repair following injury, influencing conditions like neointimal hyperplasia.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the differential roles of specific S1P receptor subtypes in regulating SMC phenotypic modulation during acute vascular injury.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms by which S1P receptors influence SMC proliferation and differentiation in vitro and in vivo.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized S1P receptor antagonists (VPC44116, VPC25239, JTE013) to assess the function of S1P receptor subtypes.
  • Employed a rat carotid artery balloon injury model to study in vivo responses.
  • Conducted in vitro experiments using rat aortic SMCs to examine proliferation and differentiation markers.

Main Results:

  • Acute vascular injury led to transient increases in S1P1/S1P3 receptor mRNA and decreased S1P2 receptor expression, with S1P2 reinduced later.
  • Inhibition of S1P1/S1P3 receptors significantly reduced neointimal hyperplasia and attenuated S1P-induced SMC proliferation in vitro.
  • Inhibition of S1P2 receptors potentiated S1P-induced SMC proliferation and attenuated S1P-induced expression of SMC differentiation markers.

Conclusions:

  • S1P1/S1P3 receptors promote SMC proliferation and phenotypic modulation in response to S1P or vascular injury.
  • S1P2 receptors antagonize SMC proliferation and are crucial for S1P-mediated SMC differentiation.
  • These findings highlight the opposing roles of S1P receptor subtypes in vascular repair and suggest therapeutic targets.