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Related Concept Videos

Hindsight Biases01:12

Hindsight Biases

Hindsight bias leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t. In other words, you knew all along that things would turn out the way they did. Can you relate this to the phrase "Hindsight is 20/20" now?
Purposive Learning01:22

Purposive Learning

E. C. Tolman emphasized the purposiveness of behavior — the idea that much of our behavior is goal-directed. For instance, employees who aim for a promotion work diligently to meet their targets. Tolman argued that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, the organism acquires certain expectations. In classical conditioning, a child might fear a dog because they expect it to bite. In operant conditioning, a person might consistently work overtime because they expect a bonus...
Growth versus Fixed Mindset01:24

Growth versus Fixed Mindset

Carol Dweck introduced the term mindset to describe individuals' beliefs about their intellectual and personal capabilities. These beliefs significantly influence psychological processes such as motivation, goal-setting, and perseverance, ultimately shaping academic and life outcomes. Individuals generally possess one of two mindsets- a fixed or a growth mindset—each promoting different responses to success, failure, and challenge.Fixed vs. Growth MindsetA fixed mindset assumes that one's...
Incentive Theory: Pull Theory of Motivation01:18

Incentive Theory: Pull Theory of Motivation

Incentive theory, or the "pull theory" of motivation, suggests that external rewards primarily drive behavior. Individuals are motivated to engage in activities when they anticipate a desirable outcome. This is why people often work hard for promotions or study intensively to achieve high grades. These incentives can be tangible, physical rewards such as money or promotions, or intangible, non-physical rewards like praise and social recognition.
The theory differentiates between intrinsic and...
Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
Motivational Bias01:25

Motivational Bias

Cognitive bias results from limitations in thinking and information processing, leading to systematic errors in judgment. Conversely, motivational bias stems from personal desires or emotions, causing distortions in perception to align with self-interest. Motivational bias influences how individuals perceive and attribute causes to events, often shaped by personal needs, goals, and self-esteem preservation. This bias can distort judgment, leading to inaccurate assessments of success, failure,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Online Explorative Study on the Learning Uses of Virtual Reality Among Early Adopters
07:29

Online Explorative Study on the Learning Uses of Virtual Reality Among Early Adopters

Published on: November 22, 2019

How we value the future affects our desire to learn.

Alana L Moore1, Cindy E Hauser, Michael A McCarthy

  • 1Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia. a.moore@ms.unimelb.edu.au

Ecological Applications : a Publication of the Ecological Society of America
|June 10, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Active adaptive management offers long-term benefits by gathering information, but traditional geometric discounting undervalues this learning. Alternative discount functions are crucial for effective environmental and resource management strategies.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Online Explorative Study on the Learning Uses of Virtual Reality Among Early Adopters
07:29

Online Explorative Study on the Learning Uses of Virtual Reality Among Early Adopters

Published on: November 22, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Conservation Biology
  • Resource Management

Background:

  • Active adaptive management is increasingly favored for natural resource management and conservation.
  • Traditional geometric discounting undervalues long-term benefits, potentially hindering active adaptive management.
  • Alternative discounting methods are proposed for decisions with long-term social implications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of different discounting methods on the benefits of experimental management.
  • To analyze the effects on harvesting strategies for a theoretical population with unknown recovery rates.

Main Methods:

  • Comparison of three distinct discounting functions applied to a theoretical harvested population model.
  • Evaluation of active learning benefits under varying discount rates and functions.

Main Results:

  • Geometric discounting (5% per annum) showed minimal benefit for active learning.
  • Discount functions prioritizing future rewards led to more conservative harvesting but not necessarily increased learning.
  • Optimal management strategies are not achieved by simply lowering the geometric discount rate.

Conclusions:

  • The choice of discount function significantly influences optimal management strategies and investment in learning.
  • Mandating alternative discount functions in environmental management will alter management structures and learning investments.
  • Rethinking discounting is essential for maximizing the benefits of active adaptive management in conservation.