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Hepatitis

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...

Smallpox

Smallpox

Smallpox is a severe contagious disease caused by the Variola major virus, a double-stranded DNA member of the Poxviridae family.Variola major transmission occurs primarily via inhalation of virus-laden droplets or direct contact with infectious scabs. The incubation period averages approximately seven days, although it may range from 7 to 17 days depending on the inoculum and host factors.Clinically, the prodromal phase is marked by an abrupt onset of high fever, malaise, headache, and myalgia.

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...

Vaccinations

Vaccinations

Vaccines

Vaccines

Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the type of...

Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures

Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures

Essential infection prevention measures are based on the knowledge of the infection chain, the modes of transmission in healthcare settings, and the use of the best practices in all healthcare settings. Compulsory public reporting of healthcare-associated infection rates is needed to allow individuals and the community to make informed choices regarding selecting a healthcare facility.
The best practices for preventing healthcare-associated infections include hand hygiene, patient risk...

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Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Analysis of HBV-Specific CD4 T-cell Responses and Identification of HLA-DR-Restricted CD4 T-Cell Epitopes Based on a Peptide Matrix

Analysis of HBV-Specific CD4 T-cell Responses and Identification of HLA-DR-Restricted CD4 T-Cell Epitopes Based on a Peptide Matrix

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[Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B: present immunization strategies].

Elisabetta Franco¹, Barbara Bagnato, Alexandros Kalpakis

¹Dipartimento Sanità Pubblica Università di Roma Tor Vergata. franco@med.uniroma2.it

Igiene E Sanita Pubblica

|June 10, 2008

Summary

Recent data show Italy recommends Hepatitis A vaccination for at-risk groups. A broad strategy targets Hepatitis B elimination, utilizing current epidemiological insights and immunization tactics.

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Analysis of HBV-Specific CD4 T-cell Responses and Identification of HLA-DR-Restricted CD4 T-Cell Epitopes Based on a Peptide Matrix

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Published on: September 25, 2019

Area of Science:

Public Health
Infectious Diseases
Vaccinology

Context:

Presents current epidemiological data for Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B.
Discusses existing immunization strategies in Italy for both viral hepatitis types.

Purpose:

To review and analyze the latest epidemiological findings for Hepatitis A and B.
To evaluate the effectiveness and scope of current vaccination programs.
To inform public health policy regarding hepatitis prevention and control.

Summary:

In Italy, Hepatitis A vaccination is advised for specific high-risk populations.
A comprehensive immunization strategy is in place for Hepatitis B, aiming for disease elimination.
The approach integrates epidemiological data with targeted vaccination efforts.

Impact:

Provides a foundation for evidence-based decision-making in hepatitis prevention.
Contributes to the understanding of national strategies for controlling vaccine-preventable liver diseases.
Supports efforts towards the elimination of Hepatitis B as a public health threat.