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Related Concept Videos

Allergic Reactions02:06

Allergic Reactions

Overview
Allergic Drug Reactions01:27

Allergic Drug Reactions

Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing numerous...
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
Hypersensitivities01:30

Hypersensitivities

Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
Types of Hypersensitivities
Hypersensitivity reactions are categorized into four types: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4. Each type has a distinct mechanism...
Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions01:30

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial exposure to a...
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions01:29

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions

Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH), or Type IV hypersensitivity, is a cell-mediated immune response. It occurs when T cells, rather than antibodies, mediate a reaction to specific antigens. It is characterized by a delayed onset (1-2 days) and involves the recruitment of macrophages to the inflammation site.The initiation of a DTH response begins with the sensitization of T cells. During this phase, which lasts at least 1-2 weeks, antigen-specific T cells are activated, clonally expanded, and...

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Intralymphatic Immunotherapy and Vaccination in Mice
07:33

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Published on: February 2, 2014

T(H)2 adjuvants: implications for food allergy.

M Cecilia Berin1, Wayne G Shreffler

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.

The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
|June 10, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Understanding what makes molecules allergenic is key to studying allergic diseases. Recent research reveals how innate immune responses activate T(H)2 immunity, offering insights into allergenicity and food allergies.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Allergic Disease Research
  • Molecular Allergenicity

Background:

  • Defining the molecular characteristics of allergens remains a central challenge in immunology.
  • Recent advancements have elucidated mechanisms of innate immune priming that drive T helper 2 (T(H)2) immunity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the molecular factors that induce innate immune activation.
  • To discuss pathways promoting T(H)2-polarized immune responses.
  • To explore the role of these mechanisms in food allergy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on innate immune activation and T(H)2 immunity.
  • Analysis of molecules with intrinsic or associated activities contributing to T(H)2 immunogenicity.
  • Examination of food allergy models and gastrointestinal adjuvants.

Main Results:

  • T(H)2 immunity is actively induced by various molecules, some identified in antihelminthic responses.
  • Intrinsic or associated molecular activities explain the T(H)2 immunogenicity of certain allergens.
  • These mechanisms are relevant to understanding food allergy development.

Conclusions:

  • Innate immune activation by specific molecules is crucial for initiating T(H)2 responses.
  • Understanding these pathways provides a framework for investigating allergenicity, particularly in food allergies.
  • Further research into T(H)2 gastrointestinal adjuvants can illuminate food allergy mechanisms.