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Potentiometry: Overview

Potentiometry: Overview

Potentiometry is an analytical technique that measures the potential difference between two electrodes in an electrochemical cell without drawing any significant current that could alter the solution's composition. This method employs an indicator electrode, which exchanges electrons with the analyte solution, and a reference electrode with a constant potential. Each electrode is immersed in a solution comprised of two half-cells. In a conventional setup, the reference electrode serves as the...

Potentiometric Titration: Overview

Potentiometric Titration: Overview

Potentiometric titration is a quantitative analytical technique that determines the concentration of an analyte by measuring the potential difference between the two electrodes in the solution. The endpoint of a potentiometric titration is the point at which there is a significant change in the potential difference. It occurs when the stoichiometric reaction between the analyte and the titrant is complete. The endpoint is usually determined graphically by plotting the measured potential...

Controlled-Potential Coulometry: Electrolytic Methods

Controlled-Potential Coulometry: Electrolytic Methods

Controlled-potential coulometry, also known as potentiostatic coulometry, employs a three-electrode system in which the working electrode's potential is precisely regulated using a potentiostat. Platinum working electrodes are utilized for positive potentials, while mercury pool electrodes are favored for extremely negative potentials. The platinum counter electrode is separated from the analyte using a membrane or salt bridge to avoid interference in the analysis.
The chosen potential ensures...

Potentiometry: Membrane Electrodes

Potentiometry: Membrane Electrodes

Membrane electrodes, also known as p-ion electrodes, use membranes that selectively interact with free analyte ions, generating a potential difference across the membrane. The resulting membrane potential, known as the asymmetry potential, is not zero even when analyte concentrations on both sides of the membrane are equal. The membrane's response is typically not selective to a single analyte but proportional to the concentration of all ions in the sample solution capable of interacting at the...

Potentiometry: Types of Electrodes

Potentiometry: Types of Electrodes

Reference electrodes serve as a stable reference point for potentiometric measurements, while indicator and working electrodes react to variations in the composition of a solution.
The Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE) is a widely used reference electrode that maintains zero potential across all temperatures. However, its need for a continuous hydrogen gas supply renders it impractical for everyday use.
An alternative to SHE is the Saturated Calomel Electrode (SCE). This electrode features an...

Electrodes: Overview

Electrodes: Overview

Electrochemical measurements are conducted in an electrochemical cell composed of various components that control and measure the current and potential. One fundamental component is electrodes, conductive materials that enable electron transfer reactions at their surfaces.
There are two main types of electrodes in electrochemical cells. The first type, known as the working or indicator electrode, has a potential that is sensitive to the analyte's concentration and reacts to changes in the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Potentiodynamic Corrosion Testing

Potentiodynamic Corrosion Testing

Published on: September 4, 2016

In situ dissolution testing using potentiometric sensors.

Karl Peeters¹, Roy De Maesschalck, Hugo Bohets

¹Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium. kpeeterb@prdbe.jnj.com

European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences : Official Journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences

|June 10, 2008

Summary

Potentiometric sensors offer a promising method for in situ dissolution testing of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). This technology provides reproducible results, unaffected by particles or bubbles, unlike traditional UV or HPLC methods.

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Area of Science:

Pharmaceutical Science
Analytical Chemistry
Electrochemistry

Background:

Dissolution testing is crucial for drug development and quality control.
Current methods like UV spectrometry and HPLC have limitations, including sensitivity to particles and bubbles.
In situ monitoring offers advantages for real-time dissolution profile determination.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the efficacy of potentiometric sensors for direct in situ dissolution measurement of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs).
To explore the applicability, benefits, and limitations of this novel measurement technique.
To compare the performance of potentiometric sensors against conventional dissolution testing methods.

Main Methods:

Utilized a prototype potentiometric sensor instrumentation within Paddle (USP type 2) and Basket (USP type 1) dissolution apparatus.
Measured dissolved API concentration directly in the dissolution medium over time.
Investigated the influence of API physicochemical properties, specifically log(P), on measurement accuracy.
Compared results with manual sampling using UV spectrometry and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).

Main Results:

Potentiometric sensors demonstrated promising results for various APIs, with applicability strongly dependent on log(P) (effective for log(P)>4).
The sensors are insensitive to undissolved particles and air bubbles, overcoming limitations of UV spectrometry.
Dissolution profiles obtained were highly reproducible with low variation compared to manual sampling methods.
Electrode performance decreased with lower log(P) values due to reduced drug selectivity.

Conclusions:

Potentiometric sensors represent a highly promising technology for in situ dissolution measurements.
The technique offers advantages in reproducibility and robustness against common interferents.
Further development could establish potentiometric sensors as a standard method for dissolution testing.