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Functions of Thyroid Hormones

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

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Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

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Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development

Published on: June 6, 2014

Thyroid function in 76 sick preterm infants 30-36 weeks: results from a longitudinal study.

Antonio Carrascosa¹, Pilar Ruiz-Cuevas, María Clemente

¹Pediatric Endocrine Service, Children's Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Autonomous University, Barcelona, Spain.

Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism : JPEM

|June 11, 2008

Summary

Sick preterm infants (30-36 weeks gestational age) may experience hypothyroxinemia, particularly those treated with dopamine or with patent ductus arteriosus. Thyroid function monitoring is crucial for these vulnerable infants.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 4, 2026

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development

Published on: June 6, 2014

Area of Science:

Neonatalogy
Endocrinology
Pediatric critical care

Background:

Thyroid hormone plays a critical role in infant development.
Preterm infants are at increased risk for thyroid dysfunction.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate thyroid function in sick preterm infants between 30-36 weeks gestational age.
To identify factors associated with thyroid dysfunction in this population.

Main Methods:

Serum thyroid hormones (TSH, T4, T3, free T4, rT3) were measured in mothers and infants.
Infant measurements were taken at multiple postnatal time points.
Thyroid hormone levels were compared to healthy, age-matched controls.

Main Results:

Hypothyroxinemia was observed in 32 out of 76 sick preterm infants, primarily at 24 hours and 1 week of age.
Infants treated with dopamine and those with patent ductus arteriosus showed significantly higher rates of hypothyroxinemia.
Thyroid function normalized by 3 weeks in most infants who initially presented with hypothyroxinemia.

Conclusions:

Sick preterm infants (30-36 weeks gestational age) are susceptible to transient hypothyroxinemia.
Patent ductus arteriosus and dopamine treatment are associated with increased risk of hypothyroxinemia.
Close monitoring of thyroid function is recommended for sick preterm infants, especially those with risk factors.