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Related Concept Videos

Sexually Transmitted Infections01:26

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
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Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...
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Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
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Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
Genital Herpes01:23

Genital Herpes

Genital herpes is a sexually transmitted infection primarily caused by herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), though herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is increasingly implicated in genital infections, particularly among younger populations. Transmission occurs mainly through sexual contact, with asymptomatic viral shedding serving as a major route of spread. This characteristic makes HSV-2 difficult to control at a population level, as individuals may unknowingly transmit the virus even in the...
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Herpes

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Chronic, Acute, and Reactivated HIV Infection in Humanized Immunodeficient Mouse Models
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Chronic, Acute, and Reactivated HIV Infection in Humanized Immunodeficient Mouse Models

Published on: December 3, 2019

Overview of HIV.

Nancy Klimas1, Anne O'Brien Koneru, Mary Ann Fletcher

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA. NKlimas@med.miami.edu

Psychosomatic Medicine
|June 11, 2008
PubMed
Summary

This review covers the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pandemic, its biology, transmission, and treatment strategies. Effective antiretroviral therapy requires patient adherence to prevent disease progression and drug resistance.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pandemic continues to affect populations globally, with disproportionate impacts on specific demographics and regions like Sub-Saharan Africa.
  • Understanding HIV's genetic diversity, life cycle, and disease progression is crucial for effective management.
  • Coinfections and psychosocial factors significantly influence HIV infection severity and treatment outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of the HIV pandemic.
  • To review the fundamental biology and immunology of HIV.
  • To discuss current therapeutic strategies and challenges in HIV management.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on HIV.

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Published on: October 12, 2018

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Chronic, Acute, and Reactivated HIV Infection in Humanized Immunodeficient Mouse Models
09:54

Chronic, Acute, and Reactivated HIV Infection in Humanized Immunodeficient Mouse Models

Published on: December 3, 2019

Ex Vivo Infection of Human Lymphoid Tissue and Female Genital Mucosa with Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 and Histoculture
11:14

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Published on: October 12, 2018

  • Analysis of epidemiological data regarding HIV prevalence and affected populations.
  • Examination of immunological responses, disease progression, transmission modes, and testing methods.

    • Main Results:

    • Antiretroviral therapies can suppress HIV to undetectable levels.
    • Patient adherence to antiretroviral therapy is critical for treatment success.
    • Non-adherence leads to detectable virus, disease progression, and the development of drug resistance.

    Conclusions:

    • HIV management requires a multifaceted approach, including understanding viral dynamics and host immune responses.
    • Adherence to antiretroviral therapy is paramount for controlling HIV infection and preventing resistance.
    • Further research into behavioral and psychosocial factors is needed to improve medication adherence and reduce risk behaviors.