Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)01:16

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)

Ring-opening metathesis polymerization or ROMP involves strained cycloalkenes as starting materials. The mechanism of ROMP proceeds by reacting cycloalkene with Grubbs catalyst to give metallacyclobutane intermediate which undergoes a ring-opening reaction to form new carbene. The new carbene reacts with another molecule of cycloalkene. Repetition of these steps leads to the formation of an unsaturated open-chain polymer product. All these steps are reversible, however, relieving the ring...
Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:26

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
Selection Rules: Photochemical Activation
Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview01:26

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview

Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.
Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:17

Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

The stereochemistry of electrocyclic reactions is strongly influenced by the orbital symmetry of the polyene HOMO. Under thermal conditions, the reaction proceeds via the ground-state HOMO.
Selection Rules: Thermal Activation
Conjugated systems containing an even number of π-electron pairs undergo a conrotatory ring closure. For example, thermal electrocyclization of (2E,4E)-2,4-hexadiene, a conjugated diene containing two π-electron pairs, gives trans-3,4-dimethylcyclobutene.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Prophylactic embolization of the Corona mortis in a patient with multiple pelvic fractures: a tool to avoid perioperative bleeding?

CVIR endovascular·2026
Same author

Does Patellar Height Influence Range of Motion and Anterior Knee Pain after Distal Femur Endoprosthesis Reconstruction?

Journal of clinical medicine·2024
Same author

Analytical Gas Sensing in the Terahertz Spectral Range.

Micromachines·2023
Same author

Design of High-Performance Organic Nonlinear Optical and Terahertz Crystals by Controlling the van der Waals Volume.

Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)·2023
Same author

Enhanced Stability and Highly Bright Electroluminescence of AgInZnS/CdS/ZnS Quantum Dots through Complete Isolation of Core and Shell via a CdS Interlayer.

Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2023
Same author

Fabrication of Colloidal Cesium Metal Halide (CsMX: M = Fe, Co, and Ni) Nanoparticles and Assessment of Their Thermodynamic Stability by DFT Calculations.

Inorganic chemistry·2022
Same journal

Denoising algorithm of Φ-OTDR systems based on adaptive fractional wavelet transform denoising.

Optics express·2026
Same journal

Millisecond photon-to-photon latency and high-speed volumetric projection system for optogenetics.

Optics express·2026
Same journal

Polarization-encoded coaxial structured light for high-precision 3D surface profilometry.

Optics express·2026
Same journal

Discrete freeform optical design based on collaborative optimization of point cloud and local normals.

Optics express·2026
Same journal

Ultrafast ghost imaging with 25 GHz speckle switching and wavelength-division multiplexing.

Optics express·2026
Same journal

Atomic vapor cells fabricated by femtosecond laser welding of standard-optical-quality glass.

Optics express·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

An Electrochemical Cholesteric Liquid Crystalline Device for Quick and Low-Voltage Color Modulation
10:33

An Electrochemical Cholesteric Liquid Crystalline Device for Quick and Low-Voltage Color Modulation

Published on: February 27, 2019

Electro-optic Charon polymeric microring modulators.

Daniele Rezzonico1, Mojca Jazbinsek, Andrea Guarino

  • 1Nonlinear Optics Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland.

Optics Express
|June 11, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We developed novel electro-optic polymeric microring resonators, called Charon microresonators, offering tunable spectral shapes and enhanced modulation performance. These devices enable low-voltage, all-polymer micrometer-scale modulators with improved bandwidth and fabrication tolerance.

More Related Videos

Characterization of Anisotropic Leaky Mode Modulators for Holovideo
09:36

Characterization of Anisotropic Leaky Mode Modulators for Holovideo

Published on: March 19, 2016

Development of Whispering Gallery Mode Polymeric Micro-optical Electric Field Sensors
08:32

Development of Whispering Gallery Mode Polymeric Micro-optical Electric Field Sensors

Published on: January 29, 2013

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 4, 2026

An Electrochemical Cholesteric Liquid Crystalline Device for Quick and Low-Voltage Color Modulation
10:33

An Electrochemical Cholesteric Liquid Crystalline Device for Quick and Low-Voltage Color Modulation

Published on: February 27, 2019

Characterization of Anisotropic Leaky Mode Modulators for Holovideo
09:36

Characterization of Anisotropic Leaky Mode Modulators for Holovideo

Published on: March 19, 2016

Development of Whispering Gallery Mode Polymeric Micro-optical Electric Field Sensors
08:32

Development of Whispering Gallery Mode Polymeric Micro-optical Electric Field Sensors

Published on: January 29, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Photonics and optical engineering
  • Materials science
  • Electrical engineering

Background:

  • Microring resonators are key components in integrated photonics.
  • Electro-optic modulation is crucial for optical communication and signal processing.
  • Existing microring resonators face limitations in tunability and fabrication tolerance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and demonstrate a new type of electro-optic polymeric microring resonator (Charon microresonators).
  • To control the transmission spectrum shape using losses and phase shifts in an asymmetric directional coupler.
  • To achieve enhanced electro-optic modulation performance in micrometer-scale devices.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical analysis of Charon microresonators with varying coupler designs.
  • Experimental demonstration using azo-stilbene based polyimide (SANDM2) and Ormocomp.
  • Fabrication via micro-embossing to create low-loss modulators.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated three distinct transmission characteristics: Lorentzian dips, Fano resonances, and Lorentzian peaks.
  • Achieved low-loss modulators (0.6 dB/round trip) with a 50-micrometer radius.
  • Exhibited Fano resonances with 43-GHz modulation bandwidth and strong resonances with 11-dB extinction ratio.

Conclusions:

  • Charon microresonators enable tunable spectral shapes and efficient electro-optic modulation.
  • The devices offer 1-V half-wave voltage operation in all-polymer micrometer-scale designs.
  • These resonators provide wider modulation bandwidths and greater fabrication tolerance than classical ring resonators.