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Related Concept Videos

Plant Hormones01:56

Plant Hormones

Plant hormones—or phytohormones—are chemical molecules that modulate one or more physiological processes of a plant. In animals, hormones are often produced in specific glands and circulated via the circulatory system. However, plants lack hormone-producing glands.
Plant Hormones01:56

Plant Hormones

Plant hormones—or phytohormones—are chemical molecules that modulate one or more physiological processes of a plant. In animals, hormones are often produced in specific glands and circulated via the circulatory system. However, plants lack hormone-producing glands.
Types of Hormones01:21

Types of Hormones

Hormones are classified into four main groups: steroids, eicosanoids, amino acid-based derivatives, and peptide hormones.
Steroids and eicosanoids fall under the category of lipid-soluble hormones. Steroids are derived from cholesterol and feature four interconnected carbon rings with variable side chains. Notable examples include estradiol from ovaries and testosterone from testes, exemplifying the critical roles of these lipid-soluble hormones in reproductive physiology. Eicosanoids, derived...
Types of Hormones02:13

Types of Hormones

Hormones can be classified into three main types based on their chemical structures: steroids, peptides, and amines. Their actions are mediated by the specific receptors they bind to on target cells.
Transducer Mechanism: Nuclear Receptors01:31

Transducer Mechanism: Nuclear Receptors

Nuclear receptors, or NRs, are unique transcription factors that regulate gene transcription and affect the cellular pathways involved in reproduction, development, or metabolism. Their ability to be stimulated by small lipophilic ligands and control vital cellular processes makes them ideal drug targets. Nearly 10-15% of currently prescribed drugs target these receptors.
About 48 different soluble family members of nuclear receptors are identified that can be divided into two main classes:
Target Cell Response to Hormones01:22

Target Cell Response to Hormones

Hormones intricately bind to receptors on the surface or within target cells, initiating a cascade of cellular responses.
Notably, the cellular response can be regulated by altering the number of receptors expressed in the cell. For example, prolonged exposure to elevated hormone levels results in a gradual decline or down-regulation in the number of receptors for that specific hormone on the cell surface. Conversely, in response to low hormone levels, cells may use up-regulation, producing an...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Screening for Phytoestrogens using a Cell-based Estrogen Receptor β Reporter Assay
06:07

Screening for Phytoestrogens using a Cell-based Estrogen Receptor β Reporter Assay

Published on: June 7, 2020

Hormetic dietary phytochemicals.

Tae Gen Son1, Simonetta Camandola, Mark P Mattson

  • 1Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, 5600 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.

Neuromolecular Medicine
|June 11, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Dietary phytochemicals found in fruits and vegetables activate cellular stress response pathways, a phenomenon known as hormesis. This process may protect the nervous system and reduce the risk of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.

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Area of Science:

  • Nutritional Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cellular Biology

Background:

  • Epidemiological studies link dietary phytochemicals in fruits and vegetables to reduced risk of chronic diseases.
  • Emerging research suggests phytochemicals benefit the nervous system, potentially lowering risks for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases.
  • Phytochemicals activate adaptive cellular stress response pathways, a mechanism termed 'hormesis' or 'preconditioning'.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the hormesis hypothesis regarding phytochemical actions.
  • To investigate the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying phytochemical health benefits.
  • To highlight the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway as a key neuroprotective mechanism.

Main Methods:

  • Review of epidemiological evidence on dietary phytochemicals.
  • Analysis of molecular mechanisms of phytochemical action, focusing on hormesis.
  • Examination of specific signaling pathways, including sirtuin-FOXO, NF-kappaB, and Nrf2/ARE.

Main Results:

  • Phytochemicals, at subtoxic doses, induce mild cellular stress responses (hormesis).
  • Activated hormetic pathways involve kinases and transcription factors.
  • These pathways upregulate cytoprotective proteins like antioxidant enzymes and neurotrophic factors.

Conclusions:

  • The hormesis hypothesis provides a framework for understanding phytochemical health benefits.
  • The Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway serves as a prime example of phytochemical-mediated neuroprotection.
  • Dietary intake of phytochemicals may offer a strategy for preventing neurodegenerative disorders.