Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin01:26

Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin

Directly acting muscle relaxants like dantrolene and botulinum toxin (BoNT) have distinct mechanisms and applications. Dantrolene, a hydantoin derivative, acts on the ryanodine receptor (RYR1) in skeletal muscle cells. RYR1 are calcium channels present at the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. In response to excitation, they release calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol. Calcium promotes actin-myosin-mediated contraction of muscles.
The binding of dantrolene to the RYR1...
Botulism01:22

Botulism

Botulism is a life-threatening neuroparalytic condition caused by botulinum neurotoxin, which is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, a Gram-positive, spore-forming, obligate anaerobe.In adults, the toxin enters the body in different ways: in foodborne botulism, the preformed toxin is absorbed in the intestine. In wound botulism, spores grow in injured tissue and release the toxin into the blood. Infant botulism differs mechanistically from adult forms. In infants, botulism commonly...
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses01:31

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses

Skeletal muscle relaxants are used to relax muscle tone and alleviate painful muscle contractions. However, the choice of skeletal muscle relaxants depends on the duration of the surgical procedure in order to minimize potential side effects. Skeletal muscle relaxants like neuromuscular blocking agents [NMBAs] are commonly employed as adjuvants alongside general anesthetics in clinical settings. NMBAs are also used to maintain controlled ventilation during surgery of the larynx or pharynx as...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Is achieving higher standards in real-world migraine care feasible with anti-CGRP monoclonal antibodies preventive therapies?: Insights from the EUREkA cohort.

Cephalalgia : an international journal of headache·2026
Same author

Long-Term Effectiveness and Persistence Factors of Anti-CGRP Monoclonal Antibodies in Migraine: 2-Year Results From the EUREkA Cohort.

Neurology·2026
Same author

Long-Term Effectiveness and Persistence Factors of Anti-CGRP Monoclonal Antibodies in Migraine: 2-Year Results From the EUREkA Cohort.

Neurology·2026
Same author

Profiling the real-world migraine patient: public health insights from sociodemographic, lifestyle, and clinical data in the Italian National Migraine Registry (I-GRAINE).

The journal of headache and pain·2025
Same author

Correction to: Assessing the Long-Term (48-Week) Effectiveness, Safety, and Tolerability of Fremanezumab in Migraine in Real Life: Insights from the Multicenter, Prospective, FRIEND3 Study.

Neurology and therapy·2024
Same author

Correction to: Ultra-late response (> 24 weeks) to anti-CGRP monoclonal antibodies in migraine: a multicenter, prospective, observational study.

Journal of neurology·2024
Same journal

Primary Sjogren syndrome with suspected central nervous system inflammatory involvement.

Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology·2026
Same journal

Efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for post-stroke spasticity: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology·2026
Same journal

Diverging trends in motor neuron disease burden in China: an ageing-driven increase despite declining age-standardised rates - a GBD 2021 analysis.

Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology·2026
Same journal

Efficacy and safety of extended-interval dosing of natalizumab in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis with subgroup evaluation.

Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology·2026
Same journal

Ultrashort echo time magnetic resonance angiography for embolized intracranial aneurysm with coil protrusion into the small parent vessel in the posterior circulation.

Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology·2026
Same journal

Mixing apples and antibodies: when the Cochrane average obscures the evidence in Alzheimer's disease.

Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Ultrasound-guided Botulinum Toxin-A Injections: A Method of Treating Sialorrhea
07:05

Ultrasound-guided Botulinum Toxin-A Injections: A Method of Treating Sialorrhea

Published on: November 9, 2016

Treating headaches with botulinum toxin.

Marco Aguggia1

  • 1Neurological Department, Via E. Raggio 12, 15057 Novi Ligure, Italy. aguggiamarco@tiscali.it

Neurological Sciences : Official Journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology
|July 17, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Botulinum toxin type A (BT-a) effectively treats neurological disorders and is used for primary headache disorders. Research suggests BT-a may offer additional pain relief beyond acetylcholine blockade, particularly for migraine treatment.

More Related Videos

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
10:39

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache

Published on: June 2, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Ultrasound-guided Botulinum Toxin-A Injections: A Method of Treating Sialorrhea
07:05

Ultrasound-guided Botulinum Toxin-A Injections: A Method of Treating Sialorrhea

Published on: November 9, 2016

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
10:39

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache

Published on: June 2, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Botulinum toxin type A (BT-a) is established for neurological disorder treatment.
  • Clinical use of BT-a for primary headache disorders spans over 15 years.
  • BT-a efficacy in tension-type headache lacks definitive proof, while its use in migraine remains debated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of Botulinum toxin type A in treating primary headache disorders.
  • To explore the potential mechanisms of action for BT-a in headache prophylaxis and treatment.
  • To address the ongoing controversy regarding BT-a's use in migraine management.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing clinical data and research on Botulinum toxin type A for headache disorders.
  • Analysis of studies investigating the neurobiological effects of BT-a.
  • Evaluation of evidence supporting or refuting BT-a's efficacy in different primary headache types.

Main Results:

  • Botulinum toxin type A demonstrates established efficacy in various neurological conditions.
  • Over 15 years of clinical application for primary headache prophylaxis and treatment.
  • Controversy persists regarding BT-a's effectiveness in migraine, with unproven efficacy in tension-type headache.

Conclusions:

  • Botulinum toxin type A's mechanism may involve more than acetylcholine release inhibition.
  • Evidence suggests an additional antinociceptive effect through blocking nociceptive neuropeptide release.
  • Further research is warranted to clarify BT-a's role and optimize its use in primary headache management, especially migraine.