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Related Concept Videos

Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...
Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health01:25

Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health

The growth and maintenance of bone are regulated by a combination of nutritional factors, including vitamins, such as vitamin A, B12, C, D, and K.
Vitamin A
Vitamin A is involved in the process of bone remodeling. Retinoic acid, the active metabolite of Vitamin A, has nuclear receptors in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are involved in bone remodeling.
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 acts as a cofactor during the formation of osteoblast-related proteins, such as osteocalcin. Vitamin B12 plays a role...
Essential Minerals for Bone Health01:31

Essential Minerals for Bone Health

The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
Calcium and Phosphorus
Calcium is a critical component of bones, especially in the form of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. Since the body cannot make calcium, it must be obtained from the diet. However, calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine without...

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Related Experiment Videos

Assessing response to osteoporosis therapy.

E M Lewiecki1, N B Watts

  • 1New Mexico Clinical Research & Osteoporosis Center, 300 Oak St. NE, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA. LEWIECKI@aol.com

Osteoporosis International : a Journal Established As Result of Cooperation Between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA
|June 12, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Patients may not achieve optimal bone strength due to various factors. Monitoring bone mineral density (BMD) and bone turnover markers (BTMs) helps assess treatment effectiveness and identify suboptimal responses.

Related Experiment Videos

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Bone Metabolism
  • Clinical Practice

Background:

  • Pharmacological agents aim to improve bone strength and reduce fracture risk.
  • Suboptimal skeletal benefit can result from poor compliance, inadequate nutrient intake, malabsorption, or adverse drug/comorbidity effects.
  • Monitoring treatment response is crucial for patient and physician awareness.

Discussion:

  • Serial bone mineral density (BMD) measurements and bone turnover markers (BTMs) are common monitoring tools.
  • Stable or increasing BMD correlates with reduced fracture risk in clinical trials.
  • Clinical practice differs from clinical trials, making 'nonresponder' definitions challenging.

Key Insights:

  • Poor compliance, nutrient deficiencies, malabsorption, and adverse effects hinder treatment efficacy.
  • BMD and BTMs provide insights into therapeutic skeletal response.
  • Fracture occurrence despite treatment warrants evaluation.

Outlook:

  • A pragmatic approach to suboptimal response involves evaluating contributing factors.
  • Consider therapy adjustments for patients with significant BMD decrease or inadequate BTM changes.
  • Individualized patient care is essential for optimizing skeletal health outcomes.