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Updated: Jul 4, 2026
Exploring the Sequential Cellular Events of Phagocytosis Triggered by Godanti Bhasma in Mammalian Cells
Published on: July 11, 2025
Shape induced inhibition of phagocytosis of polymer particles
Julie A Champion1, Samir Mitragotri
1Department of Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA. jchampio@caltech.edu
Purpose:
To determine if particle shape can be engineered to inhibit phagocytosis of drug delivery particles by macrophages, which can be a significant barrier to successful therapeutic delivery.
Methods:
Non-spherical polystyrene particles were fabricated by stretching spherical particles embedded in a polymer film. A rat alveolar macrophage cell line was used as model macrophages. Phagocytosis of particles was assessed using time-lapse video microscopy and fluorescence microscopy.
Results:
We fabricated worm-like particles with very high aspect ratios (>20). This shape exhibits negligible phagocytosis compared to conventional spherical particles of equal volume. Reduced phagocytosis is a result of decreasing high curvature regions of the particle to two single points, the ends of the worm-like particles. Internalization is possible only at these points, while attachment anywhere along the length of the particles inhibits internalization due to the low curvature.
Conclusions:
Shape-induced inhibition of phagocytosis of drug delivery particles is possible by minimizing the size-normalized curvature of particles. We have created a high aspect ratio shape that exhibits negligible uptake by macrophages.
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