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Related Concept Videos

Nuclear Export01:42

Nuclear Export

The nucleus restricts several proteins within and allows others to pass. The restricted proteins possess a nuclear retention sequence or NRS, anchoring them to the nuclear lamins and preventing their transport to the cytosol. The non-restricted proteins, after their synthesis, are transported to their site of action, such as the cytosol or other organelles, with the help of nuclear export signals or NES.
NES are of three types- the canonical 10-residue long leucine-rich signal and other...
Nuclear Localization Signals and Import01:46

Nuclear Localization Signals and Import

Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry short stretches of amino acid sequences called the nuclear localization signal or NLS. Classical nuclear localization signals are of two types: monopartite and bipartite NLS. Monopartite classical NLS (cNLS) consists of a single cluster of 4-8 amino acids. Bipartite cNLS consists of two clusters of  2-3 amino acids and a 9-12 residue long proline-rich linker bridging the two clusters. Signal clusters are rich in positively charged amino acids such as...
Nuclear Export of mRNA02:31

Nuclear Export of mRNA

Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
Nuclear Export of mRNA02:31

Nuclear Export of mRNA

Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
Nuclear Protein Sorting01:34

Nuclear Protein Sorting

Nuclear protein sorting is the selective trafficking of histones, polymerases, gene regulatory proteins into the nucleus and exporting RNAs and ribosomes to the cytosol. It is a tightly controlled process that regulates gene expression within a cell.
Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry nuclear localization signals or NLS recognized by import receptors in the cytosol. Similarly, proteins with nuclear export signals are recognized by export receptors. Import and export receptors are...
Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting01:45

Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting

Nuclear protein sorting regulates nucleus composition and gene expression, crucial for determining the fate of a eukaryotic cell. Hence, the entry and exit of molecules across the nuclear envelope is a tightly controlled process. Nuclear protein sorting can be inhibited by one of the following ways: 1) masking cargo signal sequences, 2) modifying the nuclear receptor's affinity for cargo, 3) controlling the nuclear pore size, 4) retaining the cargo during its transit to the cytosol or the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Analysis of mRNA Nuclear Export Kinetics in Mammalian Cells by Microinjection
11:32

Analysis of mRNA Nuclear Export Kinetics in Mammalian Cells by Microinjection

Published on: December 4, 2010

FAK nuclear export signal sequences.

Valeria Ossovskaya1, Ssang-Taek Lim, Nobuyuki Ota

  • 1Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.

FEBS Letters
|June 14, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) has two nuclear export signals (NES), NES1 and NES2. Only NES2 fully mediates biological nuclear export, a crucial step in FAK

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is ubiquitously expressed and crucial for signal transduction from cell-extracellular matrix adhesions.
  • FAK is also found in the nucleus, where it plays a scaffolding role and is required for p53 ubiquitination.
  • A nuclear localization signal (NLS) for FAK has been identified, but nuclear export signals (NES) remain undetermined.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and characterize the nuclear export signals (NES) of Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK).
  • To determine the functional significance of identified NES sequences in FAK nuclear export.

Main Methods:

  • Bioinformatic analysis to identify potential NES sequences in FAK.
  • Site-directed mutagenesis to inactivate identified NES sequences.

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Heterokaryon Technique for Analysis of Cell Type-specific Localization
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Heterokaryon Technique for Analysis of Cell Type-specific Localization

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Assay to Measure Nucleocytoplasmic Transport in Real Time within Motor Neuron-like NSC-34 Cells

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Analysis of mRNA Nuclear Export Kinetics in Mammalian Cells by Microinjection
11:32

Analysis of mRNA Nuclear Export Kinetics in Mammalian Cells by Microinjection

Published on: December 4, 2010

Heterokaryon Technique for Analysis of Cell Type-specific Localization
09:31

Heterokaryon Technique for Analysis of Cell Type-specific Localization

Published on: March 11, 2011

Assay to Measure Nucleocytoplasmic Transport in Real Time within Motor Neuron-like NSC-34 Cells
08:53

Assay to Measure Nucleocytoplasmic Transport in Real Time within Motor Neuron-like NSC-34 Cells

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  • Cellular localization assays (e.g., immunofluorescence) to assess FAK nuclear export.
  • Functional assays to evaluate the biological activity of NES sequences.

    • Main Results:

    • Two potential NES sequences were identified in FAK: NES1 in the FERM domain (F1 lobe) and NES2 in the kinase domain.
    • Both NES1 and NES2 are evolutionarily conserved and present in the FAK-related kinase Pyk2.
    • Functional assays demonstrated that only NES2 possesses significant biological nuclear export activity.

    Conclusions:

    • FAK possesses two NES sequences, NES1 and NES2, with NES2 being the primary mediator of nuclear export.
    • The identification of functional NES sequences provides new insights into the regulation of FAK nucleocytoplasmic shuttling.
    • Understanding FAK nuclear export mechanisms is critical for elucidating its nuclear functions, including its role in p53 ubiquitination.