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Quantifying Human Norovirus Virus-like Particles Binding to Commensal Bacteria Using Flow Cytometry
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Norwalk virus: how infectious is it?

Peter F M Teunis1, Christine L Moe, Pengbo Liu

  • 1RIVM, Bilthoven, The Netherlands. peter.teunis@rivm.nl <peter.teunis@rivm.nl>

Journal of Medical Virology
|June 14, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Norwalk virus is highly infectious, with a single particle having a 50% chance of causing infection. This study developed a model to understand norovirus infectivity and dose-response relationships.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Microbial Pathogenesis

Background:

  • Noroviruses are a leading cause of viral gastroenteritis globally.
  • Norwalk virus, the prototype norovirus, serves as a key model for studying viral gastroenteritis.
  • Understanding norovirus infectivity is crucial for public health and risk assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel variant of the hit theory model to estimate Norwalk virus infectivity.
  • To quantify the degree of virus aggregation and infectivity per single infectious unit.
  • To analyze the dose-response relationship for Norwalk virus infection and illness.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a human volunteer model to study Norwalk virus infectivity.
  • Applied a modified hit theory model incorporating viral aggregation.
  • Compared infectivity between primary and secondary inocula.
  • Estimated the probability of infection per single virus particle.

Main Results:

  • A single Norwalk virus particle has an estimated average infection probability of approximately 0.5.
  • Passage through a human host did not alter Norwalk virus infectivity.
  • Illness probability was dose-dependent, increasing from 0.1 at 10^3 genomes to 0.7 at 10^8 genomes.

Conclusions:

  • Norwalk virus exhibits exceptionally high infectivity per particle.
  • A quantitative dose-response model is essential for understanding norovirus transmission and risk.
  • Norwalk virus is a valuable model for studying virulence and host genetic factors influencing protection.