Validity of the "sharp-kink approximation" for water and other fluids

The contact angle of a liquid droplet on a solid surface is a direct measure of fundamental atomic-scale forces acting between liquid molecules and the solid surface. In this work, the validity is assessed of a simple equation, which approximately relates the contact angle of a liquid on a surface to its density, its surface tension, and the effective molecule-surface potential. This equation is derived in the sharp-kink approximation, where the density profile of the liquid is assumed to drop precipitously within one molecular diameter of the substrate. It is found that this equation satisfactorily reproduces the temperature-dependence of the contact angle for helium on alkali metal surfaces. The equation also seems be applicable to liquids such as water on solid surfaces such as gold and graphite, on the basis of a comparison of predicted and measured contact angles near room-temperature. Nevertheless, we conclude that, to fully test the equation's applicability to fluids such as water, it remains necessary to measure the contact angle's temperature-dependence. We hypothesize that the effects of electrostatic forces can increase with temperature, potentially driving the wetting temperature much higher and closer to the critical point, or lower, closer to room temperature, than predicted using current theories.