Pramipexole has astrocyte-mediated neuroprotective effects against lactacystin toxicity

Pramipexole, a dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, has been reported to have neuroprotective potential. We investigated the effect of pramipexole against cell death induced by a proteasome inhibitor, lactacystin, using primary mecencephalic neuronal cultures and SH-SY5Y cells. In E14 rat primary mesencephalic cultures, the number of surviving tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons and microtubule associated protein 2 (MAP2)-positive neurons was decreased by exposure to 1-5 microM lactacystin in a dose-dependent manner. Pretreatment with 100 microM pramipexole rescued TH-positive neurons and MAP2-positive neurons from the toxicity of lactacystin. The protective effect of pramipexole was not selective for TH-positive dopaminergic neurons. However, the treatment with 100 microM pramipexole did not protect SH-SY5Y cells against lactacystin-induced cell toxicity and proteasome dysfunction. We hypothesized that the protective effect of pramipexole against the lactacystin-toxicity was not direct but a secondary effect mediated by astrocytes. Therefore, we investigated the efficacy of conditioned medium collected from mecencephalic astrocytes treated with pramipexole. The conditioned medium increased the viability of SH-SY5Y cells against the toxicity of lactacystin. Pramipexole increased the levels of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the conditioned medium of astrocyte cultures. These protective effects were not significantly inhibited by dopamine D2 or D3 receptor antagonists. We demonstrated that pramipexole had the protective effect against lactacystin toxicity, mediated by a neurotrophic effect of astrocyte-produced factors including BDNF.