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Adsorption Isotherms I

Adsorption Isotherms I

Adsorption isotherms are mathematical models that describe how molecules in a gas or liquid phase interact with surfaces. Two of the most common isotherm models are the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, which relate to Type I monolayer chemisorption. The Langmuir model is based on four key assumptions:• Adsorption cannot exceed monolayer coverage.• All surface sites are equivalent.• Molecules adsorb only at vacant sites.• There are no interactions between adsorbed molecules.Consider the...

Adsorption Isotherms II

Adsorption Isotherms II

Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) introduced a theory in 1938 that modified Langmuir's assumptions to explain multilayer physical adsorption. This theory is applicable to Type II isotherms and provides a more realistic picture of adsorption processes. The BET theory assumes a uniform solid surface with localized adsorption sites, where adsorption at one site doesn't affect adsorption at neighboring sites. This theory also allows for the possibility of additional molecules being adsorbed on top...

Analyte Adsorption and Distribution

Analyte Adsorption and Distribution

In certain chromatographic separations, solutes transfer between the mobile phase and the stationary phase via sorption, which typically refers to the process of adsorption. For many chromatographic systems, the sorption process often depends on the polarity of the compounds—an expression of the overall dipole moment within the molecule. During the separation process, there is competition between the solute and solvent for adsorption to the stationary phase. Highly polar compounds and solvents...

Adsorption of Gases on Solids

Adsorption of Gases on Solids

Adsorption is a process where molecules, known as the adsorbates, accumulate on a surface, which is referred to as the adsorbent or substrate. Occurring at the solid-gas interface, this phenomenon is crucial in various scientific and industrial contexts. The reverse of adsorption is desorption.Two types of adsorptions exist: physical (physisorption) and chemical (chemisorption). Physisorption involves gas molecules held to the solid's surface by relatively weak intermolecular van der Waals...

Two Components: Liquid–Liquid Systems

Two Components: Liquid–Liquid Systems

A pressure-composition phase diagram explicitly describes the behavior of an ideal solution of two volatile liquids under varying pressures and compositions. A pressure-composition diagram has two main curves. The bubble point curve represents the plot of pressure versus liquid mole fraction. It indicates the pressure at which the first bubble of vapor forms from the liquid phase as the system pressure decreases.The dew point curve is the pressure versus vapor mole fraction. It indicates the...

Nonideal Two-Component Liquid Solutions

Nonideal Two-Component Liquid Solutions

Nonideal liquid solutions, also known as real solutions, do not strictly follow Raoult's law. Raoult's law is a rule of thumb in physical chemistry. However, not all mixtures adhere to this law due to varying molecular interactions. For example, in an acetone/chloroform solution, the individual vapor pressures of the components are lower than expected, resulting in a total vapor pressure below that predicted by Raoult's law, causing a negative deviation.On the other hand, in an ethanol/water...

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Preparation of novel activated carbons from H2SO4-pretreated corncob hulls with KOH activation for quick adsorption of dye and 4-chlorophenol.

Journal of environmental management·2010

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Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Two-way Valorization of Blast Furnace Slag: Synthesis of Precipitated Calcium Carbonate and Zeolitic Heavy Metal Adsorbent

Two-way Valorization of Blast Furnace Slag: Synthesis of Precipitated Calcium Carbonate and Zeolitic Heavy Metal Adsorbent

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Analyzing a liquid-solid phase countercurrent two- and three-stage adsorption process with the Freundlich equation.

Ru-Ling Tseng¹, Feng-Chin Wu

¹Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National United University, Miao-Li 360, Taiwan.

Journal of Hazardous Materials

|June 17, 2008

Summary

This study demonstrates significant adsorbent savings using multi-stage countercurrent adsorption processes. Analyzing adsorption with the Freundlich equation proves effective for optimizing these systems.

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Area of Science:

Environmental Science
Materials Science
Chemical Engineering

Background:

Adsorbent materials are crucial for water purification and pollutant removal.
Optimizing adsorption processes is key to reducing operational costs and environmental impact.
Activated carbon derived from biomass offers a sustainable and effective adsorbent option.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the adsorbent savings of countercurrent two- and three-stage adsorption processes.
To investigate the adsorption capabilities of activated carbon derived from plum kernels.
To demonstrate the utility of the Freundlich equation in analyzing and designing adsorption systems.

Main Methods:

Preparation of microporous activated carbon from plum kernels via KOH chemical activation.
Adsorption isotherm studies for three dyes (BB1, MB, AB74) and three phenols (phenol, 4-CP, 2,4-DCP).
Application of the Freundlich equation and equilibrium-stage analysis to model countercurrent adsorption processes.

Main Results:

Significant adsorbent savings were achieved with two- and three-stage countercurrent systems compared to single-stage.
Activated carbon from plum kernels exhibited superior adsorption capabilities for the tested dyes and phenols.
The Freundlich equation accurately described the adsorption equilibrium and facilitated process design.

Conclusions:

Multi-stage countercurrent adsorption processes offer substantial adsorbent savings.
Activated carbon from plum kernels is a promising material for adsorbing organic pollutants.
The Freundlich equation provides a reliable framework for designing efficient continuous-flow adsorption systems.