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Related Concept Videos

Interference and Diffraction02:18

Interference and Diffraction

Interference is a characteristic phenomenon exhibited by waves. When two electromagnetic waves interact with their peaks and troughs coinciding, a resulting wave with enhanced amplitude is produced. This is known as constructive interference. In this case, the two waves interacting are in phase with each other.
The de Broglie Wavelength02:32

The de Broglie Wavelength

In the macroscopic world, objects that are large enough to be seen by the naked eye follow the rules of classical physics. A billiard ball moving on a table will behave like a particle; it will continue traveling in a straight line unless it collides with another ball, or it is acted on by some other force, such as friction. The ball has a well-defined position and velocity or well-defined momentum, p = mv, which is defined by mass m and velocity v at any given moment. This is the typical...
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Determination of Crystal Structures

In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...
X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
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Transmission Electron Microscopy01:15

Transmission Electron Microscopy

In 1931, physicist Ernst Ruska—building on the idea that magnetic fields can direct an electron beam just as lenses can direct a beam of light in an optical microscope—developed the first prototype of the electron microscope. This development led to the development of the field of electron microscopy. In the transmission electron microscope (TEM), electrons are produced by a hot tungsten element and accelerated by a potential difference in an electron gun, which gives them up to 400 keV in...
Scanning Electron Microscopy01:07

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A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to study the surface features of a sample by using an electron beam that scans the sample surface in a two-dimensional manner. Typically, areas between ~1 centimeter to 5 micrometers in width can be imaged. SEM can be used to image bacteria, viruses, tissues as well as larger samples like insects. Conventional SEM gives a magnification ranging from 20X to 30,000X and spatial resolution of 50 to 100 nanometers.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Direct Imaging of Laser-driven Ultrafast Molecular Rotation
10:52

Direct Imaging of Laser-driven Ultrafast Molecular Rotation

Published on: February 4, 2017

Laser-induced electron tunneling and diffraction.

M Meckel1, D Comtois, D Zeidler

  • 1National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0R6.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|June 17, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Using laser fields, scientists can extract electrons to reveal molecular structure. This technique provides insights into both electronic orbitals and nuclear positions from a single experiment.

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Area of Science:

  • Atomic and Molecular Physics
  • Quantum Chemistry
  • Ultrafast Spectroscopy

Background:

  • Traditional molecular structure determination relies on X-ray or electron diffraction.
  • These methods provide static structural information but often require complex experimental setups.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel, comprehensive technology for molecular structure determination.
  • To utilize laser-induced electron dynamics for simultaneous electronic and nuclear information.

Main Methods:

  • Employing intense laser fields to ionize molecules and extract electrons.
  • Accelerating the freed electrons to induce recollision with the parent molecular ion.
  • Analyzing the momentum distribution of emitted photoelectrons and elastically scattered electrons.

Main Results:

  • The momentum distribution of extracted photoelectrons directly maps the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO).
  • Elastically scattered electrons provide precise information about the positions of atomic nuclei within the molecule.
  • This single-technology approach yields both electronic and nuclear structural data.

Conclusions:

  • Laser-induced electron recollision offers a unified method for ultrafast molecular structure determination.
  • The technique provides complementary information on electronic orbitals and nuclear positions.
  • This approach advances the field of attosecond science and molecular imaging.