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Related Concept Videos

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune system...
Cross-reactivity00:42

Cross-reactivity

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Antibody Actions01:26

Antibody Actions

Antibodies, or immunoglobulins, are critical players in the immune system's arsenal against invading pathogens. Produced by B cells and plasma cells, their primary role is to detect and bind to specific antigens, molecules found on the surface of pathogens like bacteria or viruses. Beyond antigen recognition, antibodies perform several vital functions that contribute to immune defense.
Neutralization
Antibodies can bind to pathogens, preventing them from infecting host cells. This process...
Myasthenia Gravis: Overview and Treatment01:20

Myasthenia Gravis: Overview and Treatment

Myasthenia gravis is a neuromuscular transmission disorder characterized by weakness and increased fatigability of skeletal muscles. It is an autoimmune disease affecting approximately one in 2000 people, where antibodies against the α1 subunit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are produced.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Anti-Nuclear Antibody Screening Using HEp-2 Cells
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Anti-Nuclear Antibody Screening Using HEp-2 Cells

Published on: June 23, 2014

Cryptic natural autoantibodies and co-potentiators.

H M Cheng1, L Chamley

  • 1Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. chenghm@ummc.edu.my

Autoimmunity Reviews
|June 19, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Natural autoantibodies are normal immune system components. Cryptic natural autoantibodies (cNA) can be unmasked in disease states by local factors, influencing their activity.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Autoimmunity

Background:

  • Natural autoantibodies are integral to the humoral immune system in healthy individuals.
  • Two subpopulations exist: overt, readily detected antibodies, and cryptic natural autoantibodies (cNA).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the nature and regulation of cryptic natural autoantibodies (cNA).
  • To understand how in vitro and in vivo unmasking mechanisms of cNA relate.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of natural autoantibody subpopulations in human sera.
  • Physicochemical treatments to reveal cNA.
  • Investigation of masking factors (immunoglobulin and non-immunoglobulin).

Main Results:

  • cNA are revealed by in vitro serum treatment.

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Generation of Two-color Antigen Microarrays for the Simultaneous Detection of IgG and IgM Autoantibodies
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Generation of Two-color Antigen Microarrays for the Simultaneous Detection of IgG and IgM Autoantibodies

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Electrochemiluminescence Assays for Human Islet Autoantibodies
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Electrochemiluminescence Assays for Human Islet Autoantibodies

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  • In vivo unmasking of cNA may be influenced by local disease environment factors.
  • Masking factors can act as co-inhibitors or co-enhancers; apolipoprotein H enhances natural anti-phospholipid antibody binding.

    • Conclusions:

    • Cryptic natural autoantibodies represent a distinct subset of natural autoantibodies.
    • In vivo regulation of cNA by local factors is a potential mechanism in disease.
    • Further research is needed to clarify the in vitro-in vivo relationship of cNA phenomena.