Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Parallel Processing01:20

Parallel Processing

The brain processes sensory information rapidly due to parallel processing, which involves sending data across multiple neural pathways at the same time. This method allows the brain to manage various sensory qualities, such as shapes, colors, movements, and locations, all concurrently. For instance, when observing a forest landscape, the brain simultaneously processes the movement of leaves, the shapes of trees, the depth between them, and the various shades of green. This enables a quick and...
Visual System01:26

Visual System

Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...
Vision01:24

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
The Retina01:32

The Retina

The retina is a layer of nervous tissue at the back of the eye that transduces light into neural signals. This process, called phototransduction, is carried out by rod and cone photoreceptor cells in the back of the retina.
Color Vision01:24

Color Vision

Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.
Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category, whereas...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Midget ganglion cell anatomy and center structure: More complex than it looks.

Vision research·2026
Same author

Connectome of a human foveal retina.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025
Same author

A circuit motif for color in the human foveal retina.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2024
Same author

Unusual morphology of foveal Müller glia in an adult human born pre-term.

Frontiers in cellular neuroscience·2024
Same author

Volumetric Reconstruction of a Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cell Reveals Specialized Membranes and Polarized Distribution of Organelles.

Investigative ophthalmology & visual science·2023
Same author

Volume electron microscopy reveals human retinal mitochondria that align with reflective bands in optical coherence tomography [Invited].

Biomedical optics express·2023

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Visualizing Visual Adaptation
04:43

Visualizing Visual Adaptation

Published on: April 24, 2017

Sequential processing in vision: The interaction of sensitivity regulation and temporal dynamics.

Vivianne C Smith1, Joel Pokorny, Barry B Lee

  • 1The University of Chicago, Opthalmology and Visual Science, 940 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.

Vision Research
|June 19, 2008
PubMed
Summary

This study models primate retinal sensitivity regulation and temporal dynamics. Findings reveal distinct pathways for Parvocellular and Magnocellular signals, with Magnocellular pathways adhering to Weber's Law.

More Related Videos

Using Looming Visual Stimuli to Evaluate Mouse Vision
05:07

Using Looming Visual Stimuli to Evaluate Mouse Vision

Published on: June 13, 2019

Measuring Attention and Visual Processing Speed by Model-based Analysis of Temporal-order Judgments
13:00

Measuring Attention and Visual Processing Speed by Model-based Analysis of Temporal-order Judgments

Published on: January 23, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Visualizing Visual Adaptation
04:43

Visualizing Visual Adaptation

Published on: April 24, 2017

Using Looming Visual Stimuli to Evaluate Mouse Vision
05:07

Using Looming Visual Stimuli to Evaluate Mouse Vision

Published on: June 13, 2019

Measuring Attention and Visual Processing Speed by Model-based Analysis of Temporal-order Judgments
13:00

Measuring Attention and Visual Processing Speed by Model-based Analysis of Temporal-order Judgments

Published on: January 23, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Vision Science
  • Computational Neuroscience

Background:

  • Understanding visual processing in the primate retina is crucial for explaining visual perception.
  • Sensitivity regulation and temporal dynamics are key factors influencing how the retina processes visual information.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To model the interaction between sensitivity regulation and temporal dynamics in the primate retina.
  • To differentiate the processing characteristics of the Parvocellular and Magnocellular pathways.

Main Methods:

  • A linear systems model was employed to analyze temporal amplitude sensitivity.
  • A model of the H1 horizontal cell served as the initial input.
  • The model was extended to simulate Parvocellular and Magnocellular retinal ganglion cells, incorporating center-surround subtraction.

Main Results:

  • The H1-based model accurately predicted Parvocellular pathway data with minimal adjustments.
  • Magnocellular pathway data required an additional time-dependent sensitivity regulation stage, consistent with Weber's Law.
  • Psychophysical data indicated sensitivity regulation in ganglion cell pathways but a post-retinal decline in temporal resolution for Parvocellular signals.

Conclusions:

  • The primate retina exhibits distinct sensitivity regulation mechanisms for Parvocellular and Magnocellular pathways.
  • The Magnocellular pathway's temporal dynamics follow Weber's Law, while Parvocellular processing shows post-retinal temporal resolution limitations.