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Ambient fauna impairs parasite transmission in a marine parasite-host system.

D W Thieltges1, M D Bordalo, A Caballero Hernández

  • 1Marine Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Aarhus, Finlandsgade 14, DK-8200 Aarhus, Denmark. David.Thieltges@otago.ac.nz

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Ambient marine fauna significantly impacts trematode parasite transmission. The presence of other species, acting as predators, filter feeders, or alternative hosts, reduced parasite loads in target cockle hosts (Cerastoderma edule).

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Area of Science:

  • Marine Ecology
  • Parasitology
  • Interspecies Interactions

Background:

  • Understanding factors controlling parasite transmission is crucial for marine ecosystem health.
  • Trematode larvae transmission between intermediate hosts is a complex ecological process.
  • The role of ambient fauna in modulating parasite transmission in marine benthos is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of co-occurring macrozoobenthic species on the transmission of the trematode Himasthla elongata to its intermediate host, the cockle (Cerastoderma edule).
  • To determine how different species within the ambient fauna influence parasite load in cockles.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental mesocosms were established containing cockles (Cerastoderma edule) alone or with one of seven selected macrozoobenthic species.
  • Cockles were exposed to cercariae of the trematode Himasthla elongata.
  • Parasite loads in cockles were quantified and compared across different experimental treatments.

Main Results:

  • Cockles housed with other macrozoobenthic species exhibited significantly lower parasite loads compared to cockles kept alone.
  • The degree of parasite load reduction varied from 35% to 91%, depending on the co-occurring species.
  • Mechanisms of reduction included predation on cercariae by predators (e.g., Carcinus maenas), filtration of cercariae by non-host filter feeders (e.g., Crepidula fornicata), and infection of alternative hosts (e.g., Mytilus edulis), diverting cercariae from target cockles. Interference competition was also suggested.

Conclusions:

  • The species composition and abundance of ambient fauna play a critical role in regulating trematode transmission rates in marine benthic environments.
  • Ecological interactions within the benthic community can significantly modify the success of parasite transmission to intermediate hosts.
  • These findings highlight the importance of considering the broader ecological context when studying host-parasite dynamics.