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Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...

Additional Routes of Drug Administration

Additional Routes of Drug Administration

Choosing the appropriate route of drug administration is significantly influenced by two key factors: the therapeutic objectives and the inherent properties of the drug being used.
Administering drugs via inhalation allows for the direct delivery of gaseous, volatile substances or droplets to different parts of the respiratory tract. One of the advantages of the inhalation route is the rapid absorption of drugs into the circulatory system, which is possible because of the large surface area of...

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection, and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
Transdermal patches transport drugs through the...

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia

Depending on the target organ, local anesthetics (LAs) can be administered via various routes. In surface anesthesia, LAs are applied directly to the surface of the skin or mucous membranes. It is widely used for topical skin numbing before venipuncture or minor surgical procedures. Commonly used surface local anesthetics are lidocaine or benzocaine sprays or creams. Surface anesthesia occurs within 5 minutes and lasts for about 60 minutes. One of the main disadvantages of topical anesthesia is...

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly used for various applications in medical and dental procedures. Some of the common agents used are cocaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine.
Cocaine is an ester of benzoic acid and methylecgogine. It is used to anesthetize and vasoconstrict locally. Currently, it is used primarily for topical applications. It is beneficial for surgeries on the upper respiratory tract, providing anesthesia and shrinking the mucosa. Cocaine in the form of cocaine hydrochloride is...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Use of a Low-flow Digital Anesthesia System for Mice and Rats

Use of a Low-flow Digital Anesthesia System for Mice and Rats

Published on: September 7, 2016

Inhaled anesthesia: the original closed-loop drug administration paradigm.

D K Gupta¹, E I Eger

¹Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA. Dhanesh-Gupta@northwestern.edu

Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics

|June 20, 2008

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Anesthetists achieve precise control over inhaled anesthetic delivery by monitoring end-tidal concentrations, reducing the need for complex closed-loop systems. Modern anesthetics offer stability, ensuring a consistent anesthetic state with minimal intervention.

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Novel Methods for Intranasal Administration Under Inhalation Anesthesia to Evaluate Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery

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Novel Methods for Intranasal Administration Under Inhalation Anesthesia to Evaluate Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery

Novel Methods for Intranasal Administration Under Inhalation Anesthesia to Evaluate Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery

Published on: November 14, 2018

Area of Science:

Anesthesiology and Pharmacology

Background:

Anesthetics are administered for therapeutic effects, necessitating precise control to minimize side effects.
Maintaining a stable anesthetic state is crucial for patient safety and effective treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

To highlight the precision in controlling inhaled anesthetic concentrations.
To discuss the role of end-tidal volatile anesthetic concentrations in anesthetic management.
To compare manual control with closed-loop systems.

Main Methods:

Monitoring end-tidal volatile anesthetic concentrations.
Utilizing the low solubility of modern inhaled anesthetics.
Comparing manual anesthetic control with processed electroencephalogram (EEG)-guided closed-loop systems.

Main Results:

Precise control of end-tidal concentrations eliminates the need for closed-loop systems.
Low solubility of modern anesthetics ensures stability during maintenance.
Closed-loop systems offer a less precise alternative using processed EEG.

Conclusions:

Manual control of inhaled anesthetics is highly precise and stable.
Modern anesthetic properties contribute to reliable anesthetic states.
Closed-loop systems may be less precise for volatile anesthetic delivery compared to direct monitoring.