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Related Concept Videos

Mesenchymal Stem Cells01:19

Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult stem cells that can differentiate into most connective tissue cell types, except for hematopoietic cells, depending upon the source of MSCs. For example, bone-marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) can differentiate into osteocytes, hepatocytes, and pancreatic and neuronal cells. MSCs can be isolated from various sources such as bone marrow, placenta, adipose tissue, teeth, and Wharton’s jelly, a gelatinous substance in the umbilical cord. The ease of their access...
Cancer Stem Cells and Tumor Maintenance02:40

Cancer Stem Cells and Tumor Maintenance

Early diagnosis and treatment can often cure cancer. However, even with treatment, residual cells called cancer stem cells (CSC) might remain, often causing tumor recurrence. These cancer stem cells possess the potential for self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation and are often responsible for the therapeutic resistance displayed in most cancers.
Cancer stem cells are thought to originate from tissue-specific normal stem cells or progenitor cells. The normal stem cells usually reside in...
Stem Cell Therapy for Tissue Regeneration01:21

Stem Cell Therapy for Tissue Regeneration

Stem cell therapy is a method used in regenerative medicine to repair and restore function to damaged tissues and organs. Stem cells have the potential to proliferate and differentiate into various tissue types, making them ideal candidates for tissue regeneration. For example, hematopoietic stem cell transplants are commonly used in blood cancer treatment to replenish damaged bone marrow and restore healthy blood cells.
Types of Stem Cells used in Stem Cell Therapy
The two main cell types that...
Stem Cell Niche01:26

Stem Cell Niche

The stem cell niche is the dynamic microenvironment where stem cells reside. Inside these niches, the cells may remain undifferentiated, undergo high self-renewal, or become lineage-specific progenitors. Stem cells coexist with other niche cells, such as stromal cells. They also interact closely with the ECM. Cell-cell and cell-matrix communication occur via adhesion molecules or soluble factors that signal the stem cells and determine their fate. Stromal cells also provide survival signals to...
Distinctive Features of Adult Stem Cells vs Cancer Stem Cells01:18

Distinctive Features of Adult Stem Cells vs Cancer Stem Cells

A stem cell is an unspecialized cell that can divide without limit as needed and can, under specific conditions, differentiate into specialized cells.
Adult stem cells
Adult stem cells are tissue-specific; hence, they divide to develop the tissue from which they originate. One type of adult stem cell is the epithelial stem cell, which gives rise to the keratinocytes in the multiple layers of epithelial cells in the epidermis of the skin. Adult bone marrow has three distinct types of stem cells:...
Bone Cells and Tissue01:30

Bone Cells and Tissue

Bones contain a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of organic and inorganic components. Although bone cells compose only a small amount of the bone volume, they are crucial to its function. Four types of cells are found within the bone tissue— osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteogenic cells, and osteoclasts.
Osteoblasts and Osteocytes
The osteoblast is the bone cell responsible for forming new bone tissue. It is found in the growing portions of bone, including the periosteum and...

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Three-Dimensional Bone Extracellular Matrix Model for Osteosarcoma
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Three-Dimensional Bone Extracellular Matrix Model for Osteosarcoma

Published on: April 12, 2019

Osteosarcoma development and stem cell differentiation.

Ni Tang1, Wen-Xin Song, Jinyong Luo

  • 1The Second Affiliated Hospital and the Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine designated by Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.

Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research
|June 20, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Osteosarcoma, a common bone cancer, may arise from defective bone cell (osteoblast) differentiation. Understanding its molecular origins could lead to new treatments for this challenging disease.

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Modeling Osteosarcoma Using Li-Fraumeni Syndrome Patient-derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Osteosarcoma is the most frequent bone cancer in children and adults, often high-grade with metastatic potential.
  • Despite advances, prognosis remains poor for patients with metastatic or recurrent osteosarcoma.
  • Tumors typically arise near long bone growth plates, peaking in adolescence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current understanding of human osteosarcoma pathogenesis.
  • To explore links between defective osteogenic differentiation and bone tumor development.
  • To highlight the role of genetic and epigenetic factors in osteosarcoma.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing scientific literature on osteosarcoma.
  • Analysis of genetic and molecular alterations in osteosarcoma tumors.
  • Exploration of stem cell biology and differentiation pathways.

Main Results:

  • Osteosarcoma exhibits diverse genetic and molecular alterations, including chromosomal abnormalities and signaling pathway deregulation.
  • Commonly detected alterations include p53 and/or RB mutations.
  • Emerging evidence suggests osteosarcoma arises from interrupted osteoblast differentiation from mesenchymal stem cells.

Conclusions:

  • Osteosarcoma may be viewed as a differentiation disease driven by genetic and epigenetic changes.
  • Further understanding of molecular pathogenesis is crucial for developing diagnostic and prognostic markers.
  • Targeted therapeutics for osteosarcoma patients could emerge from this research.