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Smallpox is a severe contagious disease caused by the Variola major virus, a double-stranded DNA member of the Poxviridae family.Variola major transmission occurs primarily via inhalation of virus-laden droplets or direct contact with infectious scabs. The incubation period averages approximately seven days, although it may range from 7 to 17 days depending on the inoculum and host factors.Clinically, the prodromal phase is marked by an abrupt onset of high fever, malaise, headache, and myalgia.
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Typhoid vaccination: the Asian experience.

Denise DeRoeck1, R Leon Ochiai, Jin Yang

  • 1Social Science Research and Institutional Development, International Vaccine Institute, San 4-8 Bongcheon-7-Dong, Kwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-818, Republic of Korea. dderoeck@ivi.int

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The World Health Organization recommends new typhoid vaccines for endemic areas. This review examines past and current vaccination programs in Asia to inform future targeted typhoid vaccination plans.

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Vaccinology
  • Infectious Disease Epidemiology

Background:

  • Typhoid fever remains endemic in many high-risk areas globally.
  • The World Health Organization (WHO) has released updated recommendations for programmatic use of new-generation typhoid vaccines.
  • Countries are urged to develop targeted typhoid vaccination plans.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review historical and current typhoid vaccination programs in Asian countries.
  • To inform the development of future targeted typhoid vaccination strategies.
  • To evaluate experiences with both older and newer typhoid vaccine formulations.

Main Methods:

  • Review of past and current typhoid vaccination programs in Thailand (whole-cell vaccine).
  • Review of vaccination programs in China, Vietnam, and India (injectable Vi polysaccharide vaccine).
  • Description of recent typhoid Vi vaccine demonstration projects in five Asian countries.

Main Results:

  • Analysis of experiences with different typhoid vaccine types across various Asian settings.
  • Insights gained from large-scale vaccination campaigns and demonstration projects.
  • Identification of factors influencing the implementation of typhoid vaccination programs.

Conclusions:

  • Past experiences with typhoid vaccination in Asia provide valuable data for current programmatic use.
  • New-generation typhoid vaccines show promise for controlling endemic typhoid fever.
  • Implementation of WHO recommendations requires careful planning informed by regional experiences.