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Related Concept Videos

Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...
Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon has three reading...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Continuous Fluorescence-Based Endonuclease-Coupled DNA Methylation Assay to Screen for DNA Methyltransferase Inhibitors
06:07

Continuous Fluorescence-Based Endonuclease-Coupled DNA Methylation Assay to Screen for DNA Methyltransferase Inhibitors

Published on: August 5, 2022

The early expressed HIV-1 genes regulate DNMT1 expression.

Ben Youngblood1, Norbert O Reich

  • 1Program in Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, USA.

Epigenetics
|June 24, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection elevates DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) levels by activating early viral proteins. Resveratrol inhibits this process by targeting the AP1 pathway, offering potential therapeutic insights.

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High Throughput In Vitro Assessment of Latency Reversing Agents on HIV Transcription and Splicing
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High Throughput In Vitro Assessment of Latency Reversing Agents on HIV Transcription and Splicing

Published on: January 22, 2019

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Last Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Continuous Fluorescence-Based Endonuclease-Coupled DNA Methylation Assay to Screen for DNA Methyltransferase Inhibitors
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Lentiviral Vector Platform for the Efficient Delivery of Epigenome-editing Tools into Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Disease Models
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High Throughput In Vitro Assessment of Latency Reversing Agents on HIV Transcription and Splicing
07:18

High Throughput In Vitro Assessment of Latency Reversing Agents on HIV Transcription and Splicing

Published on: January 22, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics
  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • DNA methylation is crucial for human development and gene regulation.
  • Dysregulation of DNA methylation is linked to various diseases.
  • Viruses, such as HIV-1, can interfere with host cell epigenetic machinery, including DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanism by which HIV-1 influences the expression of DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1).
  • To identify viral factors responsible for HIV-1-induced DNMT1 upregulation.
  • To explore potential therapeutic interventions targeting this pathway.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of HIV-1 early gene expression and its effect on DNMT1 promoter activity.
  • Use of resveratrol to inhibit HIV-1-mediated DNMT1 induction.
  • Reporter gene assays to confirm HIV-1-dependent regulation of the DNMT1 promoter.
  • Investigation of cell-type specificity and receptor-mediated endocytosis in HIV-1's effect on DNMT1.

Main Results:

  • HIV-1 induction of DNMT1 is mediated by overexpression of early HIV-1 proteins.
  • Resveratrol prevents HIV-1-induced DNMT1 upregulation by interfering with the AP1 transcription factor pathway.
  • A specific region within the 5' promoter of DNMT1 (-1634 to +71, with the responsive element in the 5' 420 bp) is responsible for HIV-1-dependent regulation.
  • HIV-1's effect on DNMT1 is not restricted to T-cells and does not require receptor-mediated endocytosis.

Conclusions:

  • HIV-1 actively upregulates DNMT1 expression through early viral proteins.
  • The AP1 pathway and a specific DNMT1 promoter region are key players in HIV-1-mediated epigenetic alterations.
  • Understanding these mechanisms provides a foundation for developing strategies to counteract viral-induced epigenetic changes and target viral and cellular factors involved in DNA methylation.