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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens01:31

Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens

The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes are the frontline soldiers of the immune system. They include neutrophils and macrophages. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell and are quickly mobilized to the site of infection. Macrophages are larger cells that patrol...
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Overview
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice and Evaluation of the Disease-dependent Distribution of Immune Cells in Various Tissues
08:47

Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice and Evaluation of the Disease-dependent Distribution of Immune Cells in Various Tissues

Published on: May 8, 2016

Role of CD5+ B-1 cells in EAE pathogenesis.

Lisa K Peterson1, Ikuo Tsunoda, Robert S Fujinami

  • 1Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.

Autoimmunity
|June 24, 2008
PubMed
Summary

B-1 cells, producers of natural autoantibodies (NAA), modulate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Depleting B-1 cells during EAE

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Neuroscience
  • Autoimmunity

Background:

  • Hybridoma cell lines producing natural autoantibodies (NAA) from mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) can induce demyelination and renal pathology.
  • B-1 cells are the primary producers of NAA and are implicated in autoimmune disease pathogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of B-1 cells in the pathogenesis of EAE.
  • To determine the impact of B-1 cell depletion on EAE severity and clinical outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • B-1 cells were depleted using hypotonic shock in A.SW mice model of progressive EAE.
  • Depletion was performed during both the induction and effector phases of the disease.
  • Disease severity, demyelination, renal pathology, incidence, and clinical scores were assessed.

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Flow Cytometric Analysis of Lymphocyte Infiltration in Central Nervous System during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
09:01

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Lymphocyte Infiltration in Central Nervous System during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Published on: November 17, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice and Evaluation of the Disease-dependent Distribution of Immune Cells in Various Tissues
08:47

Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice and Evaluation of the Disease-dependent Distribution of Immune Cells in Various Tissues

Published on: May 8, 2016

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Lymphocyte Infiltration in Central Nervous System during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
09:01

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Lymphocyte Infiltration in Central Nervous System during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Published on: November 17, 2020

Main Results:

  • Depletion of B-1 cells during the effector phase significantly reduced demyelination and brain pathology.
  • Effector phase B-1 cell depletion also decreased EAE incidence and clinical scores.
  • Conversely, depletion during the induction phase increased EAE incidence and clinical scores.

Conclusions:

  • B-1 cells play a significant role in modulating EAE pathogenesis.
  • The timing of B-1 cell depletion influences disease outcomes, highlighting their complex role.