Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Visualizing and Quantifying Pharmaceutical Compounds within Skin using Coherent Raman Scattering Imaging
Published on: November 24, 2021
Transdermal delivery of valsartan: I. Effect of various terpenes
Mohammad Rizwan1, Mohammed Aqil, Abdul Ahad
1Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India.
Abstract:
The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of various terpenes, including a diterpene, forskolin (FSK; a putative penetration enhancer), on skin permeation of valsartan. Permeation studies were carried out with Automated Transdermal Diffusion Cells Sampling System (SFDC 6, LOGAN Instruments Corp., NJ, USA) through rat skin and human cadaver skin (HCS) using ethanol: IPB (pH 7.4) (40:60) as vehicle. The efficacy of the study terpenes for permeation of valsartan across rat skin and human cadaver skin was found in the order of cineole > d-limonene > l-menthol > linalool > FSK and cineole > d-limonene > linalool > l-menthol > FSK, respectively. No apparent skin irritation (erythema, edema) was observed on treatment of skin with terpenes including FSK. FT-IR, DSC, and histopathological studies revealed that FSK enhanced the skin permeation of the active drug by disruption and extraction of lipid bilayers of SC in consonance with other terpenes.
Related Concept Videos
Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems
Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Site-Targeted
Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
Transdermal patches transport drugs through the...
Drug Delivery: Enteral Route
Drugs in...
Non-Oral Extravascular Drug Absorption Routes
Lipophilic drugs that are stable at salivary pH (6) and exhibit minimal binding to the oral mucosa are absorbed more effectively...
Bioavailability Enhancement: Drug Permeability Enhancement
