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Oxidations of Aldehydes and Ketones to Carboxylic Acids

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Oxidation of aldehydes and ketones results in the formation of carboxylic acids. Aldehydes, bearing hydrogen next to the carbonyl group, are easily oxidized compared to ketones. This is because an aldehydic proton can easily be abstracted during oxidation.
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Alkynes undergo oxidative cleavage in the presence of oxidizing reagents like potassium permanganate and ozone. The triple bond — one σ bond and two π bonds — is completely cleaved, and the alkyne is oxidized to carboxylic acids. When warm and basic aqueous potassium permanganate is used as an oxidizing agent, alkynes are first converted to carboxylate salts via an unstable α-diketone intermediate. Further, a mild acid treatment protonates the carboxylate anions generating free carboxylic acid...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Two-way Valorization of Blast Furnace Slag: Synthesis of Precipitated Calcium Carbonate and Zeolitic Heavy Metal Adsorbent

Two-way Valorization of Blast Furnace Slag: Synthesis of Precipitated Calcium Carbonate and Zeolitic Heavy Metal Adsorbent

Published on: February 21, 2017

Spent caustic oxidation using electro-generated Fenton's reagent in a batch reactor.

Nicolas Rodriguez¹, Henrik K Hansen, Patricio Nunez

¹Departamento de Procesos Quimicos, Biotecnologicos y Ambientales, Universidad Tecnica Federico Santa Maria, Valparaiso, Chile.

Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part A, Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering

|June 24, 2008

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study demonstrates an effective Electro-Fenton process for reducing chemical oxygen demand (COD) in spent caustic solutions. The optimized method achieved nearly 95% COD removal, offering a viable wastewater treatment solution.

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Published on: October 25, 2017

Area of Science:

Environmental Chemistry
Applied Electrochemistry

Background:

Spent caustic solutions pose environmental challenges due to high chemical oxygen demand (COD).
Conventional treatment methods may be insufficient for complete COD reduction in these industrial wastewaters.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the efficacy of the Electro-Fenton process for treating spent caustic solutions.
To optimize Electro-Fenton parameters for maximum COD removal.

Main Methods:

Laboratory-scale Electro-Fenton treatment of spent caustic solutions.
Generation of Fenton's reagent in situ using sacrificial ferrous plates as anodes.
Analysis of COD reduction by varying ferrous ion concentration, temperature, and pH.

Main Results:

Achieved approximately 95% removal of COD from an initial concentration of 8800 mg L(-1).
Optimal conditions identified as pH 4, 40°C, and 100 mg L(-1) ferrous ions with 1 A current.
A kinetic rate model provided a closer fit to experimental data than an axial dispersion model.

Conclusions:

The Electro-Fenton process is highly effective for treating spent caustic wastewater.
Optimized parameters significantly enhance COD reduction efficiency.
Kinetic modeling is valuable for understanding and simulating the treatment process.