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Related Concept Videos

Chemical Signaling in the Endocrine System01:08

Chemical Signaling in the Endocrine System

A signaling cascade is a series of events that facilitates the transmission of information within or between cells, culminating in a targeted response in the recipient cell. As chemical messengers, hormones are pivotal in initiating and modulating these intricate signaling cascades based on their solubility.
Lipid-soluble hormones, such as steroid hormones, demonstrate an intracellular action. These hormones traverse cell membranes due to their lipid nature. Once inside the target cell, they...
Interactions Between Signaling Pathways01:19

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways

Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
Convergence and divergence, and cross-talk between signaling pathways
Two distinct signaling pathways can converge on a single functional unit, which may either be a single protein or a complex of proteins. The response is either functionally distinct or synergistic between the two pathways but different from the response...
Secondary Messengers in Hormone Action01:26

Secondary Messengers in Hormone Action

Water-soluble hormones cannot cross the plasma membrane, so they rely on protein receptors that span the membrane to trigger intracellular signaling pathways. These pathways then activate second messengers inside the cell, including cAMP or calcium ions.
Many hormones bind to transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors that connect to regulatory G proteins. These G proteins can then activate enzymes such as adenylyl cyclase or phospholipase C. Adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to cAMP, activating...
Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers01:15

Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers

Many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic; they do not cross the cell membrane but bind to cell-surface receptors. Thus, their message must be relayed by second messengers present in the cell cytoplasm. There are several second messenger pathways, each with its own way of relaying information. For example, the G protein-coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol pathway is active when the receptor induces...
Transducer Mechanism: Nuclear Receptors01:31

Transducer Mechanism: Nuclear Receptors

Nuclear receptors, or NRs, are unique transcription factors that regulate gene transcription and affect the cellular pathways involved in reproduction, development, or metabolism. Their ability to be stimulated by small lipophilic ligands and control vital cellular processes makes them ideal drug targets. Nearly 10-15% of currently prescribed drugs target these receptors.
About 48 different soluble family members of nuclear receptors are identified that can be divided into two main classes:
Signal Transduction: Overview01:26

Signal Transduction: Overview

Cells respond to many types of information, often through receptor proteins positioned on the membrane. They respond to chemical signals, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and other signaling molecules, initiating a series of molecular reactions to produce an appropriate response. This is called signal transduction. Cells also coordinate different responses elicited by the same signaling molecule via mediators, allowing molecular cross-talk.
Typically, signal transduction involves three...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Systems Biology of Metabolic Regulation by Estrogen Receptor Signaling in Breast Cancer
10:36

Systems Biology of Metabolic Regulation by Estrogen Receptor Signaling in Breast Cancer

Published on: March 17, 2016

Sensing estrogen's many pathways.

Ross V Weatherman1

  • 1Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA. rossw@pharmacy.purdue.edu

ACS Chemical Biology
|June 24, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a novel bioluminescent probe to analyze estrogen receptor (ER) signaling pathways. This tool helps assess how compounds affect ER transcription and ER-Src protein interactions, aiding in the development of safer drugs.

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Estrogen receptor (ER) is a critical drug target due to its role in various physiological processes.
  • Dissecting the complex and multiple signaling pathways of ER remains a significant challenge in drug development.
  • Understanding ER modulation is crucial for developing targeted therapies with reduced adverse effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel multicolor bioluminescent probe for studying estrogen receptor (ER) signaling.
  • To assess a compound's ability to modulate ER-mediated transcription.
  • To evaluate a compound's capacity to promote the interaction between ER and Src, a key signaling protein.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a multicolor bioluminescent probe system.

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Detecting Estrogenic Ligands in Personal Care Products using a Yeast Estrogen Screen Optimized for the Undergraduate Teaching Laboratory

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Last Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Systems Biology of Metabolic Regulation by Estrogen Receptor Signaling in Breast Cancer
10:36

Systems Biology of Metabolic Regulation by Estrogen Receptor Signaling in Breast Cancer

Published on: March 17, 2016

Screening for Phytoestrogens using a Cell-based Estrogen Receptor β Reporter Assay
06:07

Screening for Phytoestrogens using a Cell-based Estrogen Receptor β Reporter Assay

Published on: June 7, 2020

Detecting Estrogenic Ligands in Personal Care Products using a Yeast Estrogen Screen Optimized for the Undergraduate Teaching Laboratory
14:13

Detecting Estrogenic Ligands in Personal Care Products using a Yeast Estrogen Screen Optimized for the Undergraduate Teaching Laboratory

Published on: January 1, 2018

  • Utilizing the probe to measure ER-mediated transcriptional activity.
  • Quantifying the interaction between ER and Src protein in response to compound treatment.

    • Main Results:

    • The study successfully developed a bioluminescent probe capable of monitoring ER signaling.
    • The probe can simultaneously measure ER transcriptional modulation and ER-Src protein complex formation.
    • This provides a comprehensive method for evaluating compound effects on estrogen signaling pathways.

    Conclusions:

    • The novel bioluminescent probe offers a powerful new tool for dissecting ER signaling complexity.
    • This discovery facilitates rapid assessment of compound interactions with ER and associated proteins.
    • The findings may accelerate the development of more selective estrogen receptor modulators with improved safety profiles.