Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Modeling Hypoxia/Reoxygenation Injury in Proximal Tubular Epithelial Cells
Published on: November 21, 2025
The hepatorenal syndrome
1Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19141, USA. orolonco@comcast.net
Abstract:
The onset of renal failure in a patient with cirrhosis or acute liver failure is alarming because it raises the possibility of the hepatorenal syndrome (HRS). Periodic surveillance of renal function is helpful in patients with severe liver disease to detect HRS early and to help correct reversible contributing factors. Once established, HRS responds relatively poorly to medical management, although recent advances have brought hope for an improved prognosis. In this article the diagnosis, pathophysiology, and management of HRS are discussed in detail, with an emphasis on recent diagnostic and therapeutic advances.
Related Concept Videos
Acute Kidney Injury II: Pathophysiology
Nephrotic Syndrome I : Introduction
Dialysis
Acute kidney injury develops suddenly and can be caused by pre-renal causes (e.g., hypovolemia, shock), intrinsic renal causes (e.g., acute tubular necrosis), or post-renal causes (e.g., urinary obstruction). In contrast, chronic renal failure progresses gradually over time and is often...
Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy
Acute Kidney Injury I: Introduction
Acute Kidney Injury V: Interprofessional Care