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Teeth

Teeth

The formation of teeth, also known as odontogenesis, is a complex process that begins in utero, around the sixth week of embryonic development. There are three stages to this process: the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage.
In the bud stage, the tooth germ (an aggregation of cells) starts to form in the developing jawbone. During the cap stage, the tooth germ differentiates into enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac, which will later develop into the tooth's enamel, dentin and...

Tooth Anatomy

Tooth Anatomy

The human tooth enables us to eat a variety of foods, speak clearly, and even aid in shaping our faces. Teeth are composed of various elements that work together. Here's a detailed look at the anatomy of a human tooth.
The Crown, Neck, and Root
The visible part of the tooth is referred to as the crown. It's covered by enamel, the hardest substance in the human body. The crown is uniquely shaped for each type of tooth, allowing for different functions such as cutting, tearing, or grinding food.

Nondisjunction

Nondisjunction

During meiosis, chromosomes occasionally separate improperly. This occurs due to failure of homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I or failed sister chromatid separation during meiosis II. In some species, notably plants, nondisjunction can result in an organism with an entire additional set of chromosomes, which is called polyploidy. In humans, nondisjunction can occur during male or female gametogenesis and the resulting gametes possess one too many or one too few chromosomes.

Nondisjunction

Nondisjunction

Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate correctly and move to the opposite poles of the cells. This produces daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers. Nondisjunction is common during anaphase I or anaphase II of meiosis. Mutations in synaptonemal complex proteins that attach homologous chromosomes increase the chances of nondisjunction in anaphase I of meiosis I. In contrast, mutations in topoisomerases and condensins that hold sister...

Muscles of the Anterior Neck

Muscles of the Anterior Neck

The anterior neck muscles are the group of muscles covering the front part of the neck. These muscles are classified into three subgroups. The first one is the superficial muscles, the most visible muscles in the front of the neck. It includes the platysma and sternocleidomastoid. The second group is the suprahyoid muscles, located above the hyoid bone. This group comprises the digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, and stylohyoid. Lastly, the infrahyoid muscles are found below the hyoid bone and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Systematic Assessment of Mammalian Skull Specimens for Dental and Temporomandibular Joint Pathology

Systematic Assessment of Mammalian Skull Specimens for Dental and Temporomandibular Joint Pathology

Published on: August 22, 2022

Nonsyndromic multiple mandibular supernumerary premolars.

Hong-Keun Hyun¹, Su-Jin Lee, Byung-Duk Ahn

¹Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.

Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery : Official Journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons

|June 24, 2008

Summary

This study found a low prevalence of multiple mandibular supernumerary premolars but a high rate of complications. Early surgical intervention is recommended to prevent adverse outcomes.

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Published on: February 23, 2024

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Last Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Systematic Assessment of Mammalian Skull Specimens for Dental and Temporomandibular Joint Pathology

Systematic Assessment of Mammalian Skull Specimens for Dental and Temporomandibular Joint Pathology

Published on: August 22, 2022

Measuring Maxillary Posterior Tooth Movement: A Model Assessment using Palatal and Dental Superimposition

Measuring Maxillary Posterior Tooth Movement: A Model Assessment using Palatal and Dental Superimposition

Published on: February 23, 2024

Area of Science:

Dentistry
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Background:

Supernumerary premolars are uncommon dental anomalies.
Nonsyndromic multiple mandibular supernumerary premolars require further investigation regarding their prevalence and clinical impact.

Purpose of the Study:

To estimate the frequency of nonsyndromic multiple mandibular supernumerary premolars.
To describe their clinical characteristics and associated complications.

Main Methods:

Retrospective analysis of 110,500 patients over 4.5 years.
Collected data on patient demographics, supernumerary premolar characteristics, and complications.

Main Results:

Prevalence was 0.029% in 32 identified cases.
Complications included root resorption and eruption anomalies in 5 patients.
Most supernumerary teeth were located lingually.

Conclusions:

Lower prevalence than previously reported, but a higher complication rate.
Surgical intervention is advised to prevent sequelae, even in younger patients.