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Related Concept Videos

Ion Channels01:19

Ion Channels

The movement of ions like sodium, potassium, and calcium into and out of the cell is essential to maintain the electrochemical gradient in living cells. The ion channels—a class of membrane transport proteins—help maintain this ionic gradient for the smooth functioning of physiological activities such as maintaining cell size and volume, conducting nerve impulses, and gas and nutrient exchange.
Ion channels are specialized integral membrane proteins on the plasma membrane that allow specific...
Pore Transport and Ion-Pair Transport01:17

Pore Transport and Ion-Pair Transport

Pore transport and ion-pair formation are critical mechanisms for the absorption and distribution of drugs in the body.
Pore transport, also known as convective transport, is a process where small molecules like urea, water, and sugars rapidly cross cell membranes as though there were channels or pores in the membrane. Although direct microscopic evidence is limited  but the concept of pores or channels is widely accepted based on physiological evidence. Despite the lack of direct microscopic...
Phosphoinositides and PIPs01:42

Phosphoinositides and PIPs

Phosphoinositides are a group of phospholipids containing a glycerol backbone with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate attached to a myoinositol sugar ring. The inositol head group extends into the cytoplasm, where it is modified by adding phosphate groups to form phosphatidylinositol phosphates or PIPs.
Different phosphoinositides are synthesized and recruited on the cytosolic face of the plasma membrane. The localization of specific phosphoinositides concentrated in separate membrane...
Facilitated Transport01:19

Facilitated Transport

The chemical and physical properties of plasma membranes cause them to be selectively permeable. Since plasma membranes have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions, substances need to be able to transverse both regions. The hydrophobic area of membranes repels substances such as charged ions. Therefore, such substances need special membrane proteins to cross a membrane successfully. In  facilitated transport, also known as facilitated diffusion, molecules and ions travel across a membrane via...
Facilitated Transport01:19

Facilitated Transport

The chemical and physical properties of plasma membranes cause them to be selectively permeable. Since plasma membranes have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions, substances need to be able to transverse both regions. The hydrophobic area of membranes repels substances such as charged ions. Therefore, such substances need special membrane proteins to cross a membrane successfully. In facilitated transport, also known as facilitated diffusion, molecules and ions travel across a membrane via...
Cofactors and Coenzymes01:27

Cofactors and Coenzymes

Enzymes require additional components for proper function. There are two such classes of molecules: cofactors and coenzymes. Cofactors are metallic ions and coenzymes are non-protein organic molecules. Both of these types of helper molecule can be tightly bound to the enzyme or bound only when the substrate binds.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Proteomics to Identify Proteins Interacting with P2X2 Ligand-Gated Cation Channels
16:36

Proteomics to Identify Proteins Interacting with P2X2 Ligand-Gated Cation Channels

Published on: May 18, 2009

PIP2 is a necessary cofactor for ion channel function: how and why?

Byung-Chang Suh1, Bertil Hille

  • 1Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA. bcs@u.washington.edu

Annual Review of Biophysics
|June 25, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) is crucial for many plasma membrane ion channels. Signaling pathways that deplete PIP2 can inhibit these channels, affecting their function.

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Determination of the Relative Cell Surface and Total Expression of Recombinant Ion Channels Using Flow Cytometry
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Determination of the Relative Cell Surface and Total Expression of Recombinant Ion Channels Using Flow Cytometry

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Last Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Proteomics to Identify Proteins Interacting with P2X2 Ligand-Gated Cation Channels
16:36

Proteomics to Identify Proteins Interacting with P2X2 Ligand-Gated Cation Channels

Published on: May 18, 2009

Capturing the Interaction Kinetics of an Ion Channel Protein with Small Molecules by the Bio-layer Interferometry Assay
10:41

Capturing the Interaction Kinetics of an Ion Channel Protein with Small Molecules by the Bio-layer Interferometry Assay

Published on: March 7, 2018

Determination of the Relative Cell Surface and Total Expression of Recombinant Ion Channels Using Flow Cytometry
11:32

Determination of the Relative Cell Surface and Total Expression of Recombinant Ion Channels Using Flow Cytometry

Published on: September 28, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) is a key signaling lipid found in the inner plasma membrane leaflet.
  • PIP2 plays a critical role in the function of numerous plasma membrane ion channels and transporters.
  • Disruptions in PIP2 levels can significantly impact cellular signaling and transport processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the essential role of phosphoinositides, particularly PIP2, in regulating ion channel activity.
  • To explore the mechanisms by which PIP2 and its analogues modulate ion channel function.
  • To discuss the impact of PIP2 depletion on ion channel and transporter function.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on phosphoinositide regulation of ion channels.
  • Analysis of signaling pathways affecting PIP2 levels.
  • Examination of experimental data on PIP2-channel interactions.

Main Results:

  • Ion channels and transporters exhibit a strong dependence on PIP2 for their proper functioning.
  • Signaling pathways that deplete PIP2 effectively inhibit the activity of these channels.
  • PIP2 and its synthetic analogues can be utilized to modulate ion channel activity.

Conclusions:

  • PIP2 is indispensable for the physiological operation of many ion channels and transporters.
  • Understanding PIP2's regulatory role provides insights into cellular signaling and potential therapeutic targets.
  • Further research into PIP2-analogues could lead to novel strategies for controlling ion channel function.