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Related Concept Videos

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:15

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

An ischemic stroke occurs when a cerebral blood vessel becomes obstructed, most often by a thrombus or embolus, interrupting the delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain tissue. Because neurons rely on continuous aerobic metabolism, energy failure begins within minutes of reduced perfusion. The region receiving the least blood flow becomes the infarct core, an area of irreversible cellular death. Surrounding this core lies the penumbra, a zone of hypoperfused but still viable tissue that is...
Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction01:15

Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction

Ischemic stroke is an acute cerebrovascular condition in which blood flow to a brain region is suddenly interrupted, leading to tissue infarction. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief reductions in perfusion cause energy failure, ionic imbalance, and irreversible injury. Ischemic strokes are classified into thrombotic and embolic types based on their underlying mechanisms.Thrombotic MechanismsThrombotic stroke develops when a clot forms within a cerebral artery.
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Overview of Cell Death

Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
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Cellular Injury IV: Necrosis01:16

Cellular Injury IV: Necrosis

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Sex Stratified Neuronal Cultures to Study Ischemic Cell Death Pathways
10:44

Sex Stratified Neuronal Cultures to Study Ischemic Cell Death Pathways

Published on: December 9, 2013

Pathways to ischemic neuronal cell death: are sex differences relevant?

Jesse T Lang1, Louise D McCullough

  • 1Department of Neurology, The University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA. jesselang1@gmail.com

Journal of Translational Medicine
|June 25, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Biological sex, not just hormones, influences stroke outcomes. Genetic sex determines how brain cells respond to ischemic injury, impacting stroke recovery and treatment strategies.

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Sex Differences in Mouse Hippocampal Astrocytes after In-Vitro Ischemia
08:32

Sex Differences in Mouse Hippocampal Astrocytes after In-Vitro Ischemia

Published on: October 25, 2016

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Last Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Sex Stratified Neuronal Cultures to Study Ischemic Cell Death Pathways
10:44

Sex Stratified Neuronal Cultures to Study Ischemic Cell Death Pathways

Published on: December 9, 2013

Sex Differences in Mouse Hippocampal Astrocytes after In-Vitro Ischemia
08:32

Sex Differences in Mouse Hippocampal Astrocytes after In-Vitro Ischemia

Published on: October 25, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Endocrinology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Human stroke epidemiology exhibits sex differences extending beyond reproductive years.
  • Sex steroids, particularly 17 beta estradiol (E2), are known neuroprotective agents.
  • Hormonal influences alone do not fully explain sex-specific responses to cerebral ischemia.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent evidence on the role of genetic sex in experimental stroke outcomes.
  • To highlight divergent cell death pathways activated by ischemic insults in different sexes.
  • To emphasize the need for identifying sex differences for developing targeted neuroprotective therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of cell culture studies.
  • Analysis of animal models of cerebral ischemia.
  • Examination of molecular mechanisms underlying sex-specific responses.

Main Results:

  • Genetic sex, independent of sex hormones, significantly influences experimental stroke outcomes.
  • Divergent apoptotic and cell death pathways are activated following ischemic injury based on genetic sex.
  • Estrogen (E2) demonstrates neuroprotective effects but does not account for all sex-specific responses.

Conclusions:

  • Genetic sex is a critical determinant of experimental stroke outcome.
  • Understanding sex-specific cell death pathways is crucial for advancing stroke research.
  • Identifying these sex differences is essential for developing effective neuroprotective agents for stroke patients.