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Coulomb's Law

Coulomb's Law

Experiments with electric charges have shown that if two objects each have an electric charge, they exert an electric force on each other. The magnitude of the force is linearly proportional to the net charge on each object and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. The direction of the force vector is along the imaginary line joining the two objects and is dictated by the signs of the charges involved.
Newton's third law applies to the Coulomb force — the force on...

Coulomb's Law and The Principle of Superposition

Coulomb's Law and The Principle of Superposition

Coulomb's Law describes the force experienced by two point charges under each other's presence. But what if there are more than two charges? For example, if there is a third charge, does it experience a force that is a simple combination of the individual forces due to the first two charges? Can it be described mathematically?
The Principle of Superposition answers the question. Yes, Coulomb's Law applies to each pair of charges, and the net force on each charge is the vector sum of the...

Potential Due to a Magnetized Object

Potential Due to a Magnetized Object

Magnetic dipoles in magnetic materials are aligned when placed under an external magnetic field. For paramagnets and ferromagnets, dipole alignment occurs in the direction of the magnetic field. However, the dipoles align opposite to the field in the case of diamagnets. This state of magnetic polarization due to the external field is called magnetization. Magnetization is defined as the dipole moment per unit volume. It plays a similar role to polarization in electrostatics.
The vector...

Comparison Between Electrical And Gravitational Forces

Comparison Between Electrical And Gravitational Forces

There are four fundamental forces in nature: the gravitational force, the electromagnetic force, the strong nuclear force, and the weak nuclear force. To compare the numerical strengths of the first two, take two particles of the same kind. Since electrons are fundamental particles, they are a good example.
Since both are inverse square law forces, the distance gets canceled when the ratio of the two forces is considered. Instead, the ratio of the electrical and gravitational forces depends on...

Non-conservative Forces

Non-conservative Forces

Non-conservative forces are dissipative forces such as friction or air resistance. These forces take energy away from a system as it progresses. Unlike conservative forces, non-conservative forces do not have potential energy associated with them. This is because the energy is lost to the system and cannot be turned into useful work later.
Also unlike their conservative counterparts, they are path-dependent; where the object starts and stops does matter. For example, a grinding wheel applies a...

Intermolecular Forces

Intermolecular Forces

Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Covalent Immobilization of Proteins for the Single Molecule Force Spectroscopy

Covalent Immobilization of Proteins for the Single Molecule Force Spectroscopy

Published on: August 20, 2018

Enzyme immobilization by the coulomb force.

S Furusaki¹, N Asai

¹Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan 113.

Biotechnology and Bioengineering

|September 1, 1983

Summary

A novel enzyme immobilization method uses electrostatic force on a specialized membrane. This technique allows for enzyme recovery and alters enzyme kinetics, offering new possibilities in biocatalysis.

Area of Science:

Biochemistry
Materials Science
Chemical Engineering

Background:

Enzyme immobilization is crucial for biocatalysis, enhancing stability and reusability.
Current methods often face limitations in efficiency and enzyme recovery.
Developing novel immobilization techniques is essential for advancing enzyme applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce a new enzyme immobilization technique using electrostatic forces.
To investigate the recovery of immobilized enzymes via electrical potential.
To characterize the reaction kinetics of immobilized enzymes.

Main Methods:

Enzymes were immobilized on a porous polytetrafluoroethylene membrane with a nonporous polyurethane coat.
Electrostatic force (Coulomb force) was utilized for immobilization.

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Reversed electrical potential was applied for enzyme recovery.

Reaction characteristics of immobilized amyloglucosidase were studied using maltose.

Main Results:

A novel method for enzyme immobilization using electrostatic force was successfully developed.
The immobilized enzyme demonstrated recoverability by applying a reversed electrical potential.
The Michaelis constant of immobilized amyloglucosidase was found to be higher than the native enzyme.
Enzyme kinetics were influenced by the electrical potential gradient.

Conclusions:

The developed electrostatic immobilization technique offers efficient enzyme attachment and recovery.
This method provides a tunable platform for enzyme applications by altering kinetic parameters.
The findings suggest potential for advanced biocatalytic systems utilizing electrical control.