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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Overview
Antigen Processing Pathways01:31

Antigen Processing Pathways

MHC molecules are key players in the immune response, enabling T cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens. They are present on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body and are instrumental in presenting antigens to T cells and activating them. T cells recognize the MHC-antigen complex and initiate an immune response. MHC class I and MHC class II are two main types of MHC molecules, each associated with a distinct antigen processing pathway.
MHC Class I: Presenting Endogenous...
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Myeloid Innate Signaling Pathway Regulation by MALT1 Paracaspase Activity
07:09

Myeloid Innate Signaling Pathway Regulation by MALT1 Paracaspase Activity

Published on: January 7, 2019

Multifunctional roles for MALT1 in T-cell activation.

Margot Thome1

  • 1Margot Thome is at the Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland. margot.thomemiazza@unil.ch

Nature Reviews. Immunology
|June 26, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Mucosa-associated-lymphoid-tissue lymphoma-translocation gene 1 (MALT1) is a protease regulating T-cell activation. Understanding MALT1

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Signaling

Background:

  • T-cell activation is crucial for immunity but also implicated in autoimmune diseases and transplant rejection.
  • T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling pathways control T-cell responses and are targets for immunomodulation.
  • MALT1 (mucosa-associated-lymphoid-tissue lymphoma-translocation gene 1) is a newly identified protein with proteolytic activity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define the role of MALT1 in regulating T-cell activation.
  • To investigate MALT1's function within TCR-induced signaling pathways.
  • To explore MALT1 as a potential therapeutic target for immunomodulation.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of T-cell signaling pathways.
  • Biochemical assays to assess MALT1 proteolytic activity.

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Use of Single Chain MHC Technology to Investigate Co-agonism in Human CD8+ T Cell Activation

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Last Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Myeloid Innate Signaling Pathway Regulation by MALT1 Paracaspase Activity
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Development and Functional Characterization of Murine Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells

Published on: May 18, 2018

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Use of Single Chain MHC Technology to Investigate Co-agonism in Human CD8+ T Cell Activation

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  • Studies on the regulation of key molecules in TCR signaling.

    • Main Results:

    • MALT1 possesses proteolytic activity.
    • MALT1 regulates key molecules downstream of the T-cell receptor.
    • MALT1 plays a critical role in controlling T-cell activation.

    Conclusions:

    • MALT1 is a key regulator of T-cell activation through its proteolytic function.
    • MALT1 represents a promising target for therapeutic immunomodulation in conditions involving T-cell dysregulation.