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The debate about death: an imperishable discussion?

Félix Bacigalupo1, Daniela Huerta, Rodrigo Montefusco-Siegmund

  • 1Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Psychiatry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile.

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Summary

Advances in medicine have complicated the definition of death, shifting from cardio-pulmonary to neurological criteria. This review explores the biological and societal complexities of death, urging further discussion on unresolved issues.

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Ethics
  • Neuroscience
  • Philosophy of Medicine

Background:

  • Modern medical and scientific advancements have challenged traditional definitions of death.
  • The shift from cardio-pulmonary to neurological criteria for death has introduced complex definitional and diagnostic challenges.
  • Key issues such as the reliability of different death criteria, the nature of death (event vs. process), and the meaning of integration and irreversibility remain insufficiently addressed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the complex edges of the concept of death in light of recent scientific and medical progress.
  • To highlight unresolved questions regarding the definition and diagnosis of death.
  • To integrate new perspectives from biological systems (organism and cellular-molecular levels) and societal viewpoints (legal, religious, bioethical, political) to stimulate further discussion.

Main Methods:

  • A concise review of the evolving concept of death.
  • Analysis from a biological complex systems perspective, considering both organism and cellular-molecular levels.
  • Discussion incorporating societal, legal, religious, bioethical, and political dimensions.

Main Results:

  • Classical cardio-pulmonary criteria for death have been superseded by neurological criteria.
  • Significant complexities and unresolved questions persist regarding the definition, diagnosis, and criteria for death.
  • The review underscores the need for greater attention to the reliability of criteria, the event-versus-process nature of death, and the concepts of integration and irreversibility.

Conclusions:

  • The definition and diagnosis of death remain complex and inadequately resolved despite scientific advances.
  • A multi-level approach, encompassing biological systems and societal perspectives, is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of death.
  • Further interdisciplinary discussion is essential to address the critical and often neglected aspects of death.