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Inertial Frames of Reference01:03

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Newton’s first law is usually considered to be a statement about reference frames. It provides a method for identifying a special type of reference frame: the inertial reference frame. In principle, we can make the net force on a body zero. If its velocity relative to a given frame is constant, then that frame is said to be inertial. So, by definition, an inertial reference frame is a reference frame where Newton's first law holds valid. Newton's first law applies to objects with constant...
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Eye Tracking Young Children with Autism
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Published on: March 27, 2012

Developmental trajectories for spatial frames of reference in Williams syndrome.

Marko Nardini1, Janette Atkinson, Oliver Braddick

  • 1Department of Psychology, University College London, UK. m.nardini@ucl.ac.uk

Developmental Science
|June 26, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Children and adults with Williams syndrome (WS) struggle with spatial navigation. While they use body and environment cues, they show significant deficits in using landmarks, impacting wayfinding abilities.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Williams syndrome (WS) is a genetic disorder characterized by severe visuocognitive impairments.
  • Individuals with WS frequently experience difficulties with everyday wayfinding and spatial orientation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the developmental trajectory of spatial frames of reference in Williams syndrome.
  • To examine the utilization of body-, environment-, and object-based spatial representations in individuals with WS.

Main Methods:

  • A search task was administered to 45 children and adults with WS.
  • The task involved movement of the participant and a spatial array relative to each other to assess spatial frame usage.

Main Results:

  • Individuals with WS exhibited a significant delay in spatial processing compared to controls.
  • Despite delays, WS participants demonstrated independent and additive use of body- and environment-based frames of reference.
  • Object-based representations, relying on local landmarks, were minimally utilized even by adults with WS, unlike in typical development.

Conclusions:

  • Impaired landmark utilization in WS is linked to wayfinding difficulties and basic localization problems.
  • Deficits in inhibition or mental rotation may further contribute to the impaired ability to use appropriate spatial reference frames in WS.