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Post-traumatic Stress Disorder

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Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric condition that arises following exposure to traumatic events such as natural disasters, forced displacement, or severe accidents. It significantly impairs individuals' ability to cope with daily activities and disrupts their emotional and psychological equilibrium.
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Physiological Foundation of Stress

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Stress triggers a coordinated physiological response involving the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. This dual activation ensures that the body is prepared for both immediate and prolonged stress management. The process begins with the perception of a stressor. This initial phase activates the SNS, leading to the rapid release of adrenaline (epinephrine) from the adrenal glands.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Biomarkers in an Animal Model for Revealing Neural, Hematologic, and Behavioral Correlates of PTSD

Biomarkers in an Animal Model for Revealing Neural, Hematologic, and Behavioral Correlates of PTSD

Published on: October 10, 2012

A modified single-prolonged stress model for post-traumatic stress disorder.

Wen Wang¹, Yu Liu, Hong Zheng

¹Department of Psychosomatics, Xi'jing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 17, West Chang'le Road, Xi'an 710032, China.

Neuroscience Letters

|June 26, 2008

Summary

The single-prolonged stress (SPS) model in rats effectively mimics post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, including enhanced fear and hyperarousal. Early intervention with paroxetine can prevent these PTSD-like behaviors.

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Stress-Enhanced Fear Learning, a Robust Rodent Model of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

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Published on: October 13, 2018

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Last Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Biomarkers in an Animal Model for Revealing Neural, Hematologic, and Behavioral Correlates of PTSD

Biomarkers in an Animal Model for Revealing Neural, Hematologic, and Behavioral Correlates of PTSD

Published on: October 10, 2012

Stress-Enhanced Fear Learning, a Robust Rodent Model of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Stress-Enhanced Fear Learning, a Robust Rodent Model of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Published on: October 13, 2018

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Behavioral Science
Pharmacology

Background:

The single-prolonged stress (SPS) rat model is used to study post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
It is unclear if SPS induces hyperarousal, another core PTSD symptom, or affects fear responses over time.
Evaluating these aspects is crucial for developing effective PTSD treatments.

Purpose of the Study:

To assess if the SPS model, combined with a single shock (SPS&S), induces both conditioned and sensitized fear responses in rats.
To investigate the temporal dynamics of these fear responses after SPS&S.
To examine the preventive effects of paroxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), on SPS&S-induced PTSD-like symptoms.

Main Methods:

Rats underwent SPS followed immediately by a single inescapable foot shock (SPS&S).
Conditioned and sensitized fear responses were measured at 1, 7, and 14 days post-SPS&S by re-exposure to context or a neutral tone.
Paroxetine was administered for 14 days post-SPS&S to evaluate its therapeutic potential.

Main Results:

Conditioned fear persisted, while sensitized fear progressively increased with longer incubation periods after SPS&S.
Early administration of paroxetine effectively reduced both fear responses and anxiety behaviors.
These findings indicate that SPS&S is a valid model for studying PTSD, including hyperarousal.

Conclusions:

The modified SPS&S rat model reliably replicates key PTSD symptoms, including persistent conditioned fear and increasing hyperarousal over time.
This model offers a valuable tool for investigating PTSD pathophysiology and testing therapeutic interventions.
Early pharmacological intervention with SSRIs like paroxetine shows promise in preventing the development of PTSD-like symptoms.