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Related Concept Videos

Cranial and Spinal Meninges01:19

Cranial and Spinal Meninges

The cranial and spinal meninges are complex protective structures surrounding the central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord. These meninges consist of the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. They protect the CNS, provide structural support, and aid in circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Cranial Meninges
These meningeal layers cover the cranium. The dura mater is the outermost layer of cranial meninges. It is a thick and durable membrane of dense...
Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction01:22

Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction

Bacterial meningitis is a severe, life-threatening inflammation of the meninges, particularly the pia mater and arachnoid mater, affecting the subarachnoid space, ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). If untreated, it can lead to significant neurological complications or death.Causative AgentsCommon pathogens vary with age and immune status. In adults, major organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Streptococcus agalactiae (group B...
Cryptococcal Meningitis01:27

Cryptococcal Meningitis

Cryptococcal meningitis is a life-threatening opportunistic infection predominantly associated with HIV/AIDS, accounting for over 100,000 deaths annually worldwide. However, it also affects individuals with other forms of immunosuppression, including those undergoing immunosuppressive therapy, organ transplant recipients, patients with innate immunodeficiencies, and individuals with hematological disorders. The infection is caused mainly by Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii,...
Bacterial Meningitis01:24

Bacterial Meningitis

Bacterial meningitis is a severe infectious disease involving inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It occurs when pathogenic bacteria cross the blood–brain barrier and enter the cerebrospinal fluid. Common causative organisms include Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type b, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli K1. The exact route of entry varies by pathogen and host condition.Routes of Entry...
Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology01:26

Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology

Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...

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Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy and Pineal Biopsy from a Single Entry Point
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Published on: June 28, 2024

Meningiomas.

Sean Grimm1, Jeffrey J Raizer

  • 1Jeffrey Raizer, MD Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 710 North Lake Shore Drive, Abbott Hall, Room 1123, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. jraizer@nmff.org.

Current Treatment Options in Neurology
|June 27, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Meningiomas, common brain tumors, are typically benign but can be malignant. Treatment ranges from surgery and radiation to chemotherapy for recurrent or aggressive tumors.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Oncology
  • Neuropathology

Background:

  • Meningiomas are the most common primary intracranial tumors.
  • They arise from the dura mater and predominantly affect middle-aged to older adults, with higher incidence in women and African Americans.
  • While often benign, atypical and malignant variants necessitate tailored treatment strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of meningioma epidemiology and pathology.
  • To outline the established and emerging treatment modalities for symptomatic meningiomas.
  • To discuss management strategies for recurrent or refractory disease.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of meningioma treatment and management.
  • Analysis of surgical resection, radiation therapy, radiosurgery, and chemotherapy efficacy.
  • Exploration of novel therapeutic targets and agents.

Main Results:

  • Complete surgical resection is the preferred treatment for symptomatic meningiomas when feasible.
  • Radiation therapy is indicated for incompletely resected or high-grade tumors.
  • Recurrent or progressive lesions may be managed with systemic chemotherapy, though options are limited.

Conclusions:

  • Treatment decisions for meningiomas depend on tumor grade, location, and patient factors.
  • While surgery and radiation are mainstays, chemotherapy and investigational therapies are crucial for advanced or recurrent cases.
  • Ongoing research focuses on targeted therapies, including somatostatin receptor and signal transduction pathway inhibitors.