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Related Concept Videos

Forced Transdifferentiation01:28

Forced Transdifferentiation

Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, was first discovered by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 in silkmoths. They observed that the moths’ cuticle-producing cells transformed into salt-producing cells. Many such cases of natural transdifferentiation occur in organisms. In humans, pancreatic alpha cells can become beta cells. In newts, the loss of the eye’s lens causes the pigmented epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into the lens cells.
Artificial transdifferentiation occurs...
Translation01:31

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Translation01:31

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
General Transcription Factors01:30

General Transcription Factors

Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...

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Describing a Transcription Factor Dependent Regulation of the MicroRNA Transcriptome
07:23

Describing a Transcription Factor Dependent Regulation of the MicroRNA Transcriptome

Published on: June 15, 2016

Transcriptional changes in trichothiodystrophy cells.

Judith Offman1, Nipurna Jina, Therina Theron

  • 1Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, UK.

DNA Repair
|June 27, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Trichothiodystrophy (TTD) and xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) arise from TFIIH gene mutations. Gene expression profiling revealed minimal transcriptional differences between TTD, XP-D, and normal cells, challenging the transcription syndrome hypothesis.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Mutations in TFIIH gene components (XPB, XPD, TTDA) cause trichothiodystrophy (TTD).
  • Distinct mutations in XPB and XPD genes lead to xeroderma pigmentosum (XP).
  • TTD is hypothesized to be a transcription syndrome, differentiating it from XP.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate transcriptional differences between TTD and XP-D cells.
  • To compare gene expression profiles in normal, XP, and TTD fibroblasts.
  • To assess the validity of the transcription syndrome hypothesis for TTD.

Main Methods:

  • Cultured fibroblasts from normal, XP, and TTD donors were used.
  • Gene expression profiling was performed using microarray analysis.
  • Transcriptional profiles were compared between different donor cell types.

Main Results:

  • No reproducible gene expression differences were identified in proliferating fibroblasts between TTD, XP-D, and normal donors.
  • UV-irradiation induced similar gene up- and down-regulation across all cell types.
  • Apparent differences in microarray analysis were determined to be false positives upon detailed inspection.

Conclusions:

  • Proliferating fibroblasts from TTD, XP-D, and normal donors exhibit minimal gene expression differences.
  • The study challenges the notion of TTD as a distinct transcription syndrome based on gene expression profiles.
  • Further research may be needed to elucidate the precise molecular mechanisms underlying TTD and XP phenotypes.