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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Overview
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

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Related Experiment Video

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Expanding Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes from Umbilical Cord Blood that Target Cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr Virus, and Adenovirus
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Development of CTL memory despite arrested clonal expansion.

Marianne J B van Stipdonk1, Marjolein Sluijter, Wanda G H Han

  • 1Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands. vanstipdonk@lumc.nl

European Journal of Immunology
|June 27, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) memory can form even with weak antigen exposure. Suboptimal stimulation arrests CTL expansion but still leads to long-term memory function.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • T cell biology
  • Cellular immunology

Background:

  • Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activation is crucial for adaptive immunity.
  • Antigen presentation by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) varies in quality and duration.
  • Diverse priming events shape CTL developmental pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of defined CTL priming events on effector and memory phases.
  • To analyze how varying stimulation quality influences CTL development.
  • To understand the mechanisms underlying CTL memory formation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized an experimental system for controlled CTL priming.
  • Isolated and analyzed specific priming events.
  • Assessed CTL expansion, effector function, and memory formation post-priming.

Main Results:

  • Prolonged antigenic stimulation resulted in robust CTL expansion, effector function, and memory.
  • Suboptimal stimulation led to arrested clonal expansion in CTLs.
  • Despite limited expansion, arrested CTLs persisted long-term and acquired memory function.

Conclusions:

  • CTL memory can be established through suboptimal antigenic stimulation.
  • Arrested clonal expansion does not preclude the development of functional CTL memory.
  • The quality of initial CTL priming significantly influences the resulting immune response.