Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material for adaptive...
Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
Subviral Agents01:29

Subviral Agents

Subviral agents are infectious entities that resemble viruses but lack one or more viral components, such as a capsid or essential replication machinery. These agents include viroids, prions, and satellites, each possessing distinct structural and functional characteristics that influence their mode of infection and replication.Viroids are the simplest subviral agents, consisting of circular, single-stranded RNA molecules without a protein coat. They exclusively infect plants, relying entirely...
Evolution of Microbial Genome01:08

Evolution of Microbial Genome

Microbial genome evolution is a highly dynamic process shaped by continual gene gain and loss across species and strains. This genomic flexibility allows microorganisms to adapt rapidly to environmental pressures and interactions with other organisms. Central to understanding this diversity is the distinction between the core and pan genomes.The core genome comprises the genes shared by all sampled strains of a species, representing essential functions needed for fundamental cellular processes.
Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Collateral damage from the COVID-19 pandemic: Synergistic toxic effects of rapid antigen tests on the rotifer species Brachionus calyciflorus.

Environmental toxicology and pharmacology·2026
Same author

Rethinking virulence screening in Klebsiella pneumoniae: a case for a standardised Galleria mellonella infection model.

The Lancet. Microbe·2026
Same author

Corrigendum to "Herpes simplex virus and drug resistance - comprehensive update on resistance mutations and implications for clinical management: a narrative review" [Clin Microbiol Infect 31 (9) (2025) 1484-1490].

Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases·2026
Same author

A metagenomic analysis of urban river samples reveals high numbers of sequences related to mycoviruses.

Archives of virology·2026
Same author

Humoral immunity to current variants of SARS-CoV-2 in exposed adults, September 2023 to September 2024.

mBio·2025
Same author

Sharp increase in Chlamydia pneumoniae infections in 2024 in Germany.

European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Isolation of Fidelity Variants of RNA Viruses and Characterization of Virus Mutation Frequency
18:10

Isolation of Fidelity Variants of RNA Viruses and Characterization of Virus Mutation Frequency

Published on: June 16, 2011

Evolution of four BK virus subtypes.

Andi Krumbholz1, Olaf R P Bininda-Emonds, Peter Wutzler

  • 1Institute of Virology and Antiviral Therapy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 2, D-07745 Jena, Germany.

Infection, Genetics and Evolution : Journal of Molecular Epidemiology and Evolutionary Genetics in Infectious Diseases
|June 28, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

BK viruses (BKV) subtypes were analyzed using phylogenetic methods. Diversification of BKV subgroups aligns with human evolution, suggesting a co-evolutionary history.

More Related Videos

Analysis of Group IV Viral SSHHPS Using In Vitro and In Silico Methods
10:40

Analysis of Group IV Viral SSHHPS Using In Vitro and In Silico Methods

Published on: December 21, 2019

Measurement of BK-polyomavirus Non-Coding Control Region Driven Transcriptional Activity Via Flow Cytometry
11:54

Measurement of BK-polyomavirus Non-Coding Control Region Driven Transcriptional Activity Via Flow Cytometry

Published on: July 13, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Isolation of Fidelity Variants of RNA Viruses and Characterization of Virus Mutation Frequency
18:10

Isolation of Fidelity Variants of RNA Viruses and Characterization of Virus Mutation Frequency

Published on: June 16, 2011

Analysis of Group IV Viral SSHHPS Using In Vitro and In Silico Methods
10:40

Analysis of Group IV Viral SSHHPS Using In Vitro and In Silico Methods

Published on: December 21, 2019

Measurement of BK-polyomavirus Non-Coding Control Region Driven Transcriptional Activity Via Flow Cytometry
11:54

Measurement of BK-polyomavirus Non-Coding Control Region Driven Transcriptional Activity Via Flow Cytometry

Published on: July 13, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • BK viruses (BKV) are classified into four subtypes, with further molecular distinctions revealing subgroups within subtype I.
  • Understanding the evolutionary relationships among BKV subtypes and subgroups is crucial for comprehending their epidemiology and pathogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the phylogeny of all BK virus (BKV) subtypes and subgroups.
  • To investigate the evolutionary timeline of BKV diversification in relation to human evolution.

Main Methods:

  • Phylogenetic analyses were conducted on viral structural protein VP1, concatenated gene sequences (T-Ag, t-Ag, VP1, VP2), and the entire BKV coding region.
  • Multiple tree inference methods were employed to ensure robust phylogenetic reconstruction.
  • Internal calibration using human evolution benchmarks (emergence of modern humans, out-of-Africa migration) and external calibration (mammalian evolution) were explored.

Main Results:

  • Phylogenetic analyses consistently identified seven strongly supported clades corresponding to BKV subtypes and subgroups.
  • Subtypes II and III formed sister groups with significantly lower genetic distances compared to other subtypes.
  • Internal calibration indicated that BKV subgroup diversification coincided with human radiation (<50,000 years ago).
  • External calibration linking BKV divergence to mammalian evolution was deemed inconsistent with human emergence.

Conclusions:

  • The phylogenetic structure of BKV subtypes and subgroups is well-defined.
  • BKV evolution appears to be closely linked to human evolutionary events, particularly recent human radiation.
  • The findings support a co-evolutionary model between BK viruses and their human hosts.