Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
Insulin and C-peptide are co-secreted in...
Insulin Secretory Vesicles01:05

Insulin Secretory Vesicles

Insulin secretory vesicles release insulin to stimulate blood glucose uptake and regulate carbohydrate metabolism. When the blood glucose levels increase, glucose enters the pancreatic β-islet cells through glucose transporters. Once inside, glucose is metabolized through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, producing ATP. This increase in ATP concentration closes ATP-sensitive potassium channels, leading to depolarization of the membrane and the opening of...
Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways01:28

Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways

Insulin action is mediated through a receptor tyrosine kinase, akin to the IGF-1 receptor. The number of receptors per cell varies significantly, from 40 on erythrocytes to 300,000 on adipocytes and hepatocytes. The insulin receptor consists of linked α/β subunit dimers, forming a heterotetramer glycoprotein with two extracellular α subunits and two β subunits spanning the membrane. The α subunits inhibit the inherent tyrosine kinase activity of the β subunits, but this inhibition is released...
Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose01:16

Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose

Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
In addition to accelerating glucose uptake and utilization, insulin has...
Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects

Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...
Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Maternal Hypoglycemia and Reduced Foetal Growth in Pregnancies Following Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass: A Prospective Cohort Study.

Diabetes, obesity & metabolism·2026
Same author

The Steno 1 study: Multifactorial intervention to reduce cardiovascular disease in type 1 diabetes-rationale and protocol of the prospective, randomized, open-labelled multicentre study.

Diabetes, obesity & metabolism·2025
Same author

Investigating the role of obesity, circadian disturbances and lifestyle factors in people with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: Study protocol for the SOMBER trial.

PloS one·2024
Same author

Prevalence of Obesity-Related Disease in a Danish Population - The Results of an Algorithm-Based Screening Program.

Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy·2024
Same author

Minimal important difference in weight loss following bariatric surgery: Enhancing BODY-Q interpretability.

Clinical obesity·2024
Same author

Body Contouring Surgery After Bariatric Surgery Improves Long-Term Health-Related Quality of Life and Satisfaction With Appearance: An International Longitudinal Cohort Study Using the BODY-Q.

Annals of surgery·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy of Calcium Dynamics in Acute Mouse Pancreatic Tissue Slices
10:49

Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy of Calcium Dynamics in Acute Mouse Pancreatic Tissue Slices

Published on: April 13, 2021

On high-frequency insulin oscillations.

Ole Schmitz1, Joergen Rungby, Linda Edge

  • 1Department of Diabetes, University Hospital of Aarhus and Institute of Pharmacology, University of Aarhus, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. ole.schmitz@ki.au.dk

Ageing Research Reviews
|June 28, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

High-frequency insulin pulsatility, crucial for hormonal action, becomes irregular in type 2 diabetes. Certain medications like sulfonylureas and GLP-1 can augment pulsatile insulin secretion, offering potential therapeutic benefits.

More Related Videos

Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic Clamps in Conscious, Unrestrained Mice
11:10

Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic Clamps in Conscious, Unrestrained Mice

Published on: November 16, 2011

Homogeneous Time-resolved Förster Resonance Energy Transfer-based Assay for Detection of Insulin Secretion
07:30

Homogeneous Time-resolved Förster Resonance Energy Transfer-based Assay for Detection of Insulin Secretion

Published on: May 10, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy of Calcium Dynamics in Acute Mouse Pancreatic Tissue Slices
10:49

Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy of Calcium Dynamics in Acute Mouse Pancreatic Tissue Slices

Published on: April 13, 2021

Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic Clamps in Conscious, Unrestrained Mice
11:10

Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic Clamps in Conscious, Unrestrained Mice

Published on: November 16, 2011

Homogeneous Time-resolved Förster Resonance Energy Transfer-based Assay for Detection of Insulin Secretion
07:30

Homogeneous Time-resolved Förster Resonance Energy Transfer-based Assay for Detection of Insulin Secretion

Published on: May 10, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Research
  • Diabetes Pathophysiology

Background:

  • Insulin is secreted in a pulsatile, oscillatory manner, enhancing its control and action.
  • High-frequency insulin oscillations (6-10 min) are critical, with at least 75% of secretion occurring pulsatilely.
  • Disrupted insulin pulsatility is a hallmark of type 2 diabetes, affecting beta-cell function and glucose sensing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review high-frequency insulin pulsatility in physiological and pathophysiological states.
  • To examine the impact of various hypoglycemic agents on insulin oscillation patterns.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms coordinating pulsatile insulin secretion across pancreatic islets.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on high-frequency insulin pulsatility.
  • Analysis of factors influencing insulin pulsatility (age, insulin resistance, glucose levels).
  • Investigation of the effects of somatostatin, sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, and GLP-1 on insulin secretion patterns.

Main Results:

  • Type 2 diabetes is associated with irregular insulin oscillations, impairing beta-cell response to glucose.
  • Overnight beta-cell rest and sulfonylurea administration improve disordered pulsatile insulin secretion in type 2 diabetes.
  • Thiazolidinediones and GLP-1 modulate pulsatility, with GLP-1 augmenting burst mass but not regularity in diabetics.

Conclusions:

  • High-frequency insulin pulsatility is fundamentally disrupted in type 2 diabetes.
  • Pharmacological interventions can modulate insulin pulsatility, with potential implications for glucose regulation.
  • Further research is needed to understand the full impact of drugs like sulfonylureas on beta-cell glucose sensing.