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Related Concept Videos

Mixing Concrete01:30

Mixing Concrete

Concrete mixing ensures a homogenous blend where aggregates are well-coated with cement paste. Concrete mixing is typically done using two main types of mixers: batch and continuous. Batch mixers handle one batch at a time, thoroughly combining materials before discharging and receiving the next batch. In contrast, continuous mixers receive a steady flow of ingredients, mixing them consistently and discharging without interruption. Within batch mixers, tilting drum mixers mix with internal...
Mixing Time01:19

Mixing Time

The concept of mixing time is significant in producing a uniform concrete mix with the required strength. The mixing period starts once all components are in the mixer. Initially, the mixer is charged with 10% of the water, followed by the consistent addition of solids and then 80% of the water. The remaining water is added later, within the first quarter of the mixing period. The minimum mixing time varies according to the mixer's capacity; for example, mixers with up to 1 cubic yard capacity...
Design Example: Managing Concrete Workability01:14

Design Example: Managing Concrete Workability

This example deals with managing the workability of concrete for a raft foundation project under hot weather conditions. Workability is crucial for ensuring the concrete is easy to place, compact, and finish. In this scenario, a slump test — a common method to measure the workability of fresh concrete — initially indicated low workability. This was attributed to the rapid water loss from the concrete mix, exacerbated by the high temperatures causing the course aggregates to heat up.
To address...
Design Example: Aggregate Gradation01:24

Design Example: Aggregate Gradation

The right type and quality of aggregates are crucial for concrete as they significantly influence its properties, mix proportions, and cost-effectiveness. If different sources are available for sand, the commonly used fine aggregate in concrete, the selection of sand is primarily based on its gradation.
The grading, or particle-size distribution, of sand is determined using sieve analysis, with standard sizes ranging from 150 μm to 10 mm (ASTM No. 100 sieve to 3⁄8 in. sieve). Sand is sampled...
Vibrating Concrete01:19

Vibrating Concrete

Mechanical vibrators are instrumental in compacting newly poured concrete within formwork and around reinforcements. This process is essential to eliminate trapped air pockets and establish a dense concrete mass. One widely used method is vibrating by internal vibrators, often referred to as a poker vibrator or immersion vibrator. It is rapidly inserted through the full depth of the freshly laid concrete and slightly extends into the layer below it (which remains in a plastic state). Consistent...
Finishing Concrete01:18

Finishing Concrete

Concrete finishing starts immediately after the concrete has been placed and consolidated. The initial step, screeding, involves leveling the concrete surface by removing excess material to flush it with the formwork's top. Following this, bull float or darby are employed to smooth the surface further, effectively lower high spots, fill low areas, and ensure larger aggregate particles are embedded within the concrete. This preparation is critical before the appearance of bleed water, as its...

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Quantifying Mixing using Magnetic Resonance Imaging
07:33

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Published on: January 25, 2012

A practical guide to the staggered herringbone mixer.

Manda S Williams1, Kenneth J Longmuir, Paul Yager

  • 1Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. mandysw@u.washington.edu

Lab on a Chip
|June 28, 2008
PubMed
Summary

A new analytical model predicts mixing in staggered herringbone mixers (SHM) for diverse solutes and flow conditions. This model guides optimal design and operation by relating mixer length to Péclet number (Pe).

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Area of Science:

  • Microfluidics
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Fluid Dynamics

Background:

  • Traditional microfluidic mixing analysis is solute-specific, limiting general design insights.
  • Existing methods lack guidance for arbitrary solute systems and flow conditions.
  • Stokes-flow mixers require understanding solute diffusivity, flow rate, and mixer length for effective mixing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an analytical model for mixing in staggered herringbone mixers (SHM).
  • To provide practical expressions for estimating mixing parameters and guiding mixer design.
  • To enable optimal operation and performance prediction for diverse solutes and flow conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Derivation of an analytical mixing model for SHM.
  • Experimental determination of mixing extent using confocal microscopy.
  • Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling to simulate mixing behavior.
  • Validation of the analytical model against experimental and CFD data across various Reynolds (Re) and Péclet (Pe) numbers.

Main Results:

  • Mixing in SHM is primarily a function of Péclet number (Pe) and downstream position.
  • Required mixer length shows a logarithmic relationship with Pe (Length ∝ log(Pe)).
  • The analytical model accurately predicts mixing for Pe < 5 x 10^4.
  • For specific solutes, mixing time and required length are influenced by Re and diffusivity.

Conclusions:

  • The developed analytical model offers a versatile tool for SHM design and operation.
  • The model's applicability extends to various solute systems and potentially other mixer designs.
  • This work facilitates optimized performance estimation and practical application of SHM technology.