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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Sit-to-stand-and-walk from 120% Knee Height: A Novel Approach to Assess Dynamic Postural Control Independent of Lead-limb
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Intersegmental coordination while walking up inclined surfaces: age and ramp angle effects.

Jeremy W Noble1, Stephen D Prentice

  • 1Gait and Posture Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.

Experimental Brain Research
|June 28, 2008
PubMed
Summary

The Planar Co-Variation Law, describing lower-limb movement, holds true even when walking on inclines. Aging does not affect this coordination, with unique movement planes observed for each incline.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Human Locomotion
  • Motor Control

Background:

  • Human lower-limb segment angles co-vary predictably during gait, forming a plane.
  • This relationship is known as the Planar Co-Variation Law and is consistent on level ground.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if the Planar Co-Variation Law applies to walking on inclined surfaces.
  • To determine the effect of aging on intersegmental coordination during incline walking.

Main Methods:

  • Kinematic data of lower limbs were collected from young and older adult females.
  • Participants walked on level ground and ramps of varying inclines (3-12 degrees).

Main Results:

  • The Planar Co-Variation Law was maintained across all incline conditions for both age groups.

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Sit-to-stand-and-walk from 120% Knee Height: A Novel Approach to Assess Dynamic Postural Control Independent of Lead-limb
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  • Inclines altered the orientation of the co-variation plane, creating unique planes for each incline and group.
  • Intersegmental coordination adapted to maintain the planar relationship despite altered walking surfaces.

    • Conclusions:

    • The Planar Co-Variation Law extends to non-level walking surfaces.
    • Findings support motor control models where gait patterns are predictable by the co-variation plane's orientation.
    • This law provides a framework for understanding how humans adapt locomotion to different terrains.