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Updated: Jul 4, 2026

A Multimodal Wide-Field Fourier-Transform Raman Microscope
Published on: December 30, 2025
Micro-Raman and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy data fusion for the classification of ochre pigments
Pablo Manuel Ramos1, Itziar Ruisánchez, Konstantinos S Andrikopoulos
1Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Rovira i Virgili University, Campus Sescelades, C/. Marcel-lí Domingo, s/n 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
Abstract:
Two different data-fusion strategies are evaluated for the combination of the outputs of combined Raman/X-Ray fluorescence instrument. The studied application deals with the classification of ochre pigments investigated in the field of cultural heritage. The two fusion strategies are: (1) first level fusion: combines raw signals obtained from each technique and (2) second level fusion: combines extracted features provided individually by each technique. Classification tool is partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). Classification results obtained performing different data-fusion strategies are compared with those results obtained performing a single classification model for each data source. The results show that the combination of signal features is the most suitable for a rapid and unique processing of both types of spectra. Benefits and drawbacks of each strategy are also discussed.
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